Kozlov D S, Rodimova S A, Kuznetsova D S
Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, I Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia.
Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Junior Researcher, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia.
Sovrem Tekhnologii Med. 2023;15(5):54-79. doi: 10.17691/stm2023.15.5.06. Epub 2023 Oct 30.
Molecular diagnostics based on small non-coding RNA molecules (in particular microRNA) is a new direction in modern biomedicine and is considered a promising method for identification of a wide range of pathologies at an early stage, clinical phenotype assessment, as well as monitoring the course of the disease, evaluation of therapy efficacy and the risk of the disease recurrence. Currently, the role of microRNAs as the most important epigenetic regulator in cancer development has been proven within the studies of normal and pathogenic processes. However, currently, there are insignificant studies devoted to studying the role of microRNAs in functioning of other organs and tissues, as well as to development of possible therapeutic approaches based on microRNAs. A huge number of metabolic processes in the liver are controlled by microRNAs, which creates enormous potential for the use of microRNAs as a diagnostic marker and makes it a target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic, oncological, and even viral diseases of this organ. This review examines various aspects of biological functions of microRNAs in different types of liver cells. Both canonical and non-canonical pathways of biogenesis, epigenetic regulation mediated by microRNAs, as well as the microRNAs role in intercellular communication and the course of viral diseases are shown. The potential of microRNAs as a diagnostic marker for various liver pathologies is described, as well as therapeutic approaches and medicines based on microRNAs, which are approved for clinical use and currently being developed.
基于小非编码RNA分子（特别是微小RNA）的分子诊断是现代生物医学的一个新方向，被认为是一种在早期识别多种病理状态、进行临床表型评估、监测疾病进程、评估治疗效果以及疾病复发风险的有前景的方法。目前，在正常和致病过程的研究中，微小RNA作为癌症发展中最重要的表观遗传调节因子的作用已得到证实。然而，目前致力于研究微小RNA在其他器官和组织功能中的作用以及基于微小RNA的可能治疗方法开发的研究较少。肝脏中的大量代谢过程由微小RNA控制，这为将微小RNA用作诊断标志物创造了巨大潜力，并使其成为该器官代谢性、肿瘤性甚至病毒性疾病治疗干预的靶点。本综述探讨了微小RNA在不同类型肝细胞中的生物学功能的各个方面。展示了微小RNA生物合成的经典和非经典途径、微小RNA介导的表观遗传调控，以及微小RNA在细胞间通讯和病毒性疾病进程中的作用。描述了微小RNA作为各种肝脏病理诊断标志物的潜力，以及基于微小RNA的已获批临床使用和正在研发的治疗方法和药物。
