Harmonis Jacko Abiwaqash, Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri, Rukayadi Yaya, Hasanah Aliya Nur
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Bandung 45363, Indonesia.
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Bandung 45363, Indonesia.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Feb 12;15(2):106. doi: 10.3390/bios15020106.
Malaria is a tropical disease caused by the parasite, which was responsible for 249 million cases worldwide in 2022. Malaria is currently diagnosed using RDTs, PCR-based methods, or blood smear microscopy. Ideal biomarkers have been identified for malaria, with the potential for improving treatment, diagnosis, and overall clinical outcomes. This review discusses the types of existing biomarkers and the opportunities for new biomarkers to be used as diagnostic components in detecting , including in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, specificity, and the species of that can be detected. Following a comparison, five main ideal malaria biomarkers were identified, namely HRP2, pLDH, hemozoin, aldolase, and pGDH. These biomarkers distinguished themselves markedly from the others in terms of specificity in detection, sensitivity in analysis, and the use of non-invasive samples. Several other biomarkers, such as CRP, Ang-1, Ang-2, and PCT, show potential for malaria detection in terms of their ability to differentiate disease severity, and the levels of these biomarkers can be determined in the body for comparison with malaria parasitemia. Of the five ideal biomarkers, hemozoin and aldolase can still be developed regarding the types of samples used and their sensitivity to different species. Further research on the biomarkers CRP, Ang-1, Ang-2, and PCT is still needed to evaluate their potential.
疟疾是一种由寄生虫引起的热带疾病，2022年全球有2.49亿例病例。目前，疟疾通过快速诊断检测（RDTs）、基于聚合酶链反应（PCR）的方法或血涂片显微镜检查来诊断。已经确定了疟疾的理想生物标志物，它们具有改善治疗、诊断和整体临床结果的潜力。本综述讨论了现有生物标志物的类型，以及新生物标志物作为诊断成分在检测疟疾方面的机会，包括灵敏度、检测限、特异性以及可检测的疟原虫种类。经过比较，确定了五种主要的理想疟疾生物标志物，即疟原虫富含组氨酸蛋白2（HRP2）、疟原虫乳酸脱氢酶（pLDH）、疟色素、醛缩酶和磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶（pGDH）。这些生物标志物在疟原虫检测的特异性、分析的灵敏度以及非侵入性样本的使用方面与其他生物标志物有明显区别。其他几种生物标志物，如C反应蛋白（CRP）、血管生成素-1（Ang-1）、血管生成素-2（Ang-2）和降钙素原（PCT），在区分疾病严重程度方面显示出检测疟疾的潜力，并且可以在体内测定这些生物标志物的水平以与疟原虫血症进行比较。在这五种理想生物标志物中，就所用样本类型及其对不同疟原虫种类的灵敏度而言，疟色素和醛缩酶仍有待开发。仍需要对生物标志物CRP、Ang-1、Ang-2和PCT进行进一步研究，以评估它们的潜力。
