Wang Pengfei, Zeng Jia, Lou Dong, Zheng Wenjian, Zheng Sanlong, Chen Bingbing, Gao Zengliang
School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Engineering Research Center of Process Equipment and Re-Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Feb 12;18(4):805. doi: 10.3390/ma18040805.
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) 316L stainless steel unavoidably introduces defects such as porosity, oxide inclusions, and lack of fusion due to the inherent characteristics of the process. These defects can significantly affect the mechanical properties and service reliability of the material. This study focused on evaluating the defects in WAAM 316L stainless steel by nonlinear ultrasonic testing based on Lamb waves. The effects of FCAW (flux cored arc welding) parameters, including shielding gases (98% Ar + 2% O and 100% CO) and welding speeds (20, 30, and 40 cm/min), on the columnar grain, porosity, and defect types were systematically analyzed. The formed specimens were then subjected to nonlinear ultrasonic testing, and the results showed that the ultrasonic nonlinear parameters exhibited high sensitivity to changes in porosity. This suggests that nonlinear ultrasonic testing can effectively assess processing defects in WAAM 316L stainless steel. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the WAAM process and improving the reliability of additive manufacturing components.
由于电弧增材制造（WAAM）工艺的固有特性，采用该工艺制造的316L不锈钢不可避免地会产生诸如气孔、氧化物夹杂和未熔合等缺陷。这些缺陷会显著影响材料的力学性能和使用可靠性。本研究聚焦于基于兰姆波的非线性超声检测，以评估WAAM 316L不锈钢中的缺陷。系统分析了药芯焊丝电弧焊（FCAW）参数，包括保护气体（98%Ar + 2%O和100%CO）以及焊接速度（20、30和40厘米/分钟）对柱状晶、气孔和缺陷类型的影响。随后对制成的试样进行非线性超声检测，结果表明超声非线性参数对气孔变化具有高度敏感性。这表明非线性超声检测能够有效评估WAAM 316L不锈钢中的加工缺陷。研究结果为优化WAAM工艺以及提高增材制造部件的可靠性提供了有价值的见解。
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