Abu El Kheir-Mataria Wafa, Mahmoud Abdelraheem Omnia, Chun Sungsoo
Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Mar 5;14:e63900. doi: 10.2196/63900.
The study of supercentenarians (individuals aged 110 years or older) offers valuable insights into aging, longevity, and the factors contributing to exceptional lifespans. These individuals often exhibit extraordinary cognitive and physical performance, which can inform strategies to improve the health of the general population. Research on centenarians (individuals aged 100 years or older), semi-supercentenarians (individuals aged 105-109 years), and supercentenarians covers themes like genetic factors, microbiome, inflammation, diet, lifestyle, and psychological aspects. These studies often focus on various aspects of extreme longevity, using varied objectives and methodologies, highlighting the need for a comprehensive synthesis to map the breadth of research and identify gaps in understanding this demographic.
This scoping review aims to map and synthesize existing evidence on the determinants of extreme longevity, focusing on individuals living beyond 105 years. This review seeks to categorize genetic factors associated with semi-supercentenarians and supercentenarians; explore the range of socioecological factors contributing to their longevity; and identify common themes such as health, functional capacity, cognition, mental health, behaviors, social support, quality of life, personality traits, environmental factors, and religiosity. Additionally, it aims to examine and describe the methodologies and assessment tools used in studies on extreme longevity and provide an overview of global demographic trends and patterns among supercentenarians, including geographic distribution, gender prevalence, and socioeconomic characteristics.
This scoping review follows the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 guidelines and the Population, Exposure, and Outcome framework. It includes observational and interventional, quantitative and qualitative studies on supercentenarians and semi-supercentenarians. Data will be sourced from databases like Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library. The selection process involves abstract and full-text screening by two independent reviewers, with data extraction focusing on study characteristics, participant demographics, interventions or exposures, and key findings. A thematic analysis will identify patterns across various themes.
As of October 2, 2024, five databases were searched, yielding 844 studies. After removing duplicates, 706 studies remained. Following the first and second screening stages, 135 studies were found to be eligible. The study is expected to be completed by the end of February 2025.
By synthesizing evidence, this study will understand the global scope of supercentenarians, describe the main themes of research interest, and identify gaps. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to the body of knowledge on longevity, informing future research and public health policies. This scoping review aims to enhance the understanding of factors promoting healthy aging and extreme longevity, benefiting broader public health initiatives.
PROSPERO CRD42024512298; https://tinyurl.com/4cmux7h4.
对超级百岁老人（年龄在110岁及以上的个体）的研究为衰老、长寿以及促成超长寿命的因素提供了宝贵见解。这些个体往往展现出非凡的认知和身体表现，这可为改善普通人群健康的策略提供参考。对百岁老人（年龄在100岁及以上的个体）、半超级百岁老人（年龄在105 - 109岁的个体）和超级百岁老人的研究涵盖了遗传因素、微生物组、炎症、饮食、生活方式和心理等方面的主题。这些研究通常聚焦于极端长寿的各个方面，采用不同的目标和方法，凸显了进行全面综合以梳理研究广度并找出在理解这一人群方面的差距的必要性。
本范围综述旨在梳理和综合关于极端长寿决定因素的现有证据，重点关注年龄超过105岁的个体。本综述旨在对与半超级百岁老人和超级百岁老人相关的遗传因素进行分类；探究促成他们长寿的社会生态因素范围；识别诸如健康、功能能力、认知、心理健康、行为、社会支持、生活质量、人格特质、环境因素和宗教信仰等共同主题。此外，其旨在审视和描述极端长寿研究中使用的方法和评估工具，并概述超级百岁老人的全球人口趋势和模式，包括地理分布、性别比例和社会经济特征。
本范围综述遵循PRISMA - P（系统综述与Meta分析方案的首选报告项目）（2015年版）指南以及人群、暴露和结局框架。它包括对超级百岁老人和半超级百岁老人的观察性和干预性、定量和定性研究。数据将来源于Scopus、PubMed、ProQuest、PsycINFO和Cochrane图书馆等数据库。筛选过程包括由两名独立评审员进行摘要和全文筛选，数据提取重点关注研究特征、参与者人口统计学信息、干预措施或暴露因素以及主要研究结果。主题分析将识别不同主题间的模式。
截至2024年10月2日，检索了五个数据库，共获得844项研究。去除重复项后，剩余706项研究。经过第一和第二筛选阶段，发现135项研究符合条件。该研究预计于2025年2月底完成。
通过综合证据，本研究将了解超级百岁老人的全球范围，描述主要研究兴趣主题，并找出差距。研究结果预计将对长寿知识体系做出重大贡献，为未来研究和公共卫生政策提供参考。本范围综述旨在增进对促进健康衰老和极端长寿因素的理解，造福更广泛的公共卫生倡议。
PROSPERO CRD42024512298；https://tinyurl.com/4cmux7h4 。
