The realization of fast, simple and efficient flight attitude recognition is crucial for flight safety and control stability, but still faces challenges in new materials and technologies. Herein, a chloroplast-like selenium-doped copper sulfide@black phosphorus (CSS@BP) composite material is prepared by ultrasonic chemical synthesis using BP nanosheets to effectively absorb light energy and disperse CSS layers to promote rapid photothermal conversion, which shows the temperature change more than ≈40 °C and an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 68.9% at 405 nm, corresponding to the theoretical calculation results. Moreover, the CSS@BP/BiTe photothermoelectric conversion array prepared by pulsed laser deposition coated BiTe thermoelectric layer and laminated porous insulating polyimide film can generate rapid thermal current changes through irradiated/non-irradiated thermal gradients. Hence, a portable attitude recognition box (ARB) is assembled with a based CSS@BP/BiTe array with a self-balancing laser and a current measurement chip that enables accurate attitude recognition through the bidirectional current generated by changes of irradiated area. Excitably, the ARB demonstrates over 86.47% accuracy without complex algorithms, showing excellent stability and robustness. Thus, this work offers an innovative solution for advancing photothermal materials and low-cost high-precision flight attitude sensing technologies.