Rakoczy Katarzyna, Szymańska Natalia, Stecko Jakub, Kisiel Michał, Sleziak Jakub, Gajewska-Naryniecka Agnieszka, Kulbacka Julita
Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
Cells. 2025 Feb 23;14(5):330. doi: 10.3390/cells14050330.
Several molecular pathways are likely involved in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) via Ras-associated C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2, RAC2, and pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 product, PTTG1, given their roles in cellular signaling, survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RAC2 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays a crucial role in actin cytoskeleton dynamics, reactive oxygen species production, and cell migration, contributing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, and therapy resistance. PTTG1, also known as human securin, regulates key processes such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis suppression, and EMT, promoting metastasis and enhancing cancer cell survival. This article aims to describe the molecular pathways involved in the proliferation, invasiveness, and drug response of cancer cells through RAC2 and PTTG1, aiming to clarify their respective roles in neoplastic process dependencies. Both proteins are involved in critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB, which facilitate tumor progression by modulating CSC properties, angiogenesis, and immune response. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which RAC2 and PTTG1 influence tumorigenesis and describes their potential and efficacy as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in managing various neoplasms.
鉴于Ras相关的C3肉毒杆菌毒素底物2（RAC2）和垂体肿瘤转化基因1产物（PTTG1）在细胞信号传导、存活、增殖和转移中的作用，一些分子途径可能参与了癌症干细胞（CSC）的调控。RAC2是Rho GTPase家族的成员，在肌动蛋白细胞骨架动力学、活性氧产生和细胞迁移中起关键作用，有助于上皮-间质转化（EMT）、免疫逃逸和治疗抗性。PTTG1，也称为人securin，调节细胞周期进程、凋亡抑制和EMT等关键过程，促进转移并提高癌细胞存活率。本文旨在描述通过RAC2和PTTG1参与癌细胞增殖、侵袭和药物反应的分子途径，旨在阐明它们在肿瘤发生过程依赖性中的各自作用。这两种蛋白质都参与关键信号通路，包括PI3K/AKT、TGF-β和NF-κB，它们通过调节CSC特性、血管生成和免疫反应促进肿瘤进展。本综述强调了RAC2和PTTG1影响肿瘤发生的分子机制，并描述了它们作为各种肿瘤管理中的预后生物标志物和治疗靶点的潜力和功效。
