Lv Xin, Chen Lin, Guo Rongrong, Yang Yongzhen, Liu Xuguang, Yu Shiping
Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2025 Apr 14;11(4):2037-2051. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02278. Epub 2025 Mar 12.
Gadolinium functionalized carbon dot complexes (Gd-CDs) have both the fluorescent properties of carbon dots and the magnetic characteristics of gadolinium ions, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility, high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and deep tissue penetration in bioimaging. As fluorescence (FL) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes, Gd-CDs have attracted significant attention in dual-modal biological imaging. This review summarizes recent advances in Gd-CDs, focusing on their structure, optical and magnetic properties, and applications in dual-modal imaging. First, according to the different existing forms of gadolinium in carbon dots, the structures of Gd-CDs are categorized into chelation, electrostatic interaction, and encapsulation. Second, the mechanisms and performances of Gd-CDs in dual-modal imaging are introduced in detail. The reported Gd-CDs have a maximum quantum yield of 69.86%, with a fluorescence emission wavelength reaching up to 625 nm, and the optimum longitudinal and transverse relaxivity rates are 35.39 and 115.6 mM s, respectively, showing excellent FL/MRI capacities. Subsequently, the progress in their applications in dual-modal cellular imaging, imaging, and integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy is reviewed. Finally, the challenges and issues faced by Gd-CDs in their development are summarized, providing new insights for their controlled synthesis and widespread application in the biomedical field of dual-modal imaging.
钆功能化碳点复合物（Gd-CDs）兼具碳点的荧光特性和钆离子的磁性特征，在生物成像中表现出优异的生物相容性、高空间分辨率、高灵敏度和深层组织穿透能力。作为荧光（FL）和磁共振成像（MRI）探针，Gd-CDs在双模态生物成像中引起了广泛关注。本文综述了Gd-CDs的最新研究进展，重点介绍了其结构、光学和磁性特性以及在双模态成像中的应用。首先，根据钆在碳点中的不同存在形式，将Gd-CDs的结构分为螯合、静电相互作用和封装三类。其次，详细介绍了Gd-CDs在双模态成像中的作用机制和性能。报道的Gd-CDs的最大量子产率为69.86%，荧光发射波长可达625 nm，最佳纵向和横向弛豫率分别为35.39和115.6 mM s，显示出优异的FL/MRI性能。随后，综述了其在双模态细胞成像、成像以及综合癌症诊断与治疗中的应用进展。最后，总结了Gd-CDs在其发展过程中面临的挑战和问题，为其在双模态成像生物医学领域的可控合成和广泛应用提供了新的见解。
