Zaman Sharmin, Nelson Mark I, Moores Matthew T, Hai Faisal I
Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Apr;380:124945. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124945. Epub 2025 Mar 17.
Wastewater-borne virus pose significant risks to both environmental ecosystems and public health. Removal of virus from wastewater requires a rigorous treatment regime. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems are at the forefront of contemporary wastewater treatment technologies, offering a robust barrier against viruses. This review outlines the dual functionality of MBR systems, which combine membrane filtration with biological processes to efficiently target virus removal. It highlights the significant role of the biofilm (cake and gel layers) formed on the membrane surface, along with the critical influence of membrane pore size. This review further explores various operational parameters that maximize virus removal in MBRs, particularly highlighting the influence of membrane aging and cleaning. The impact of membrane aging varies as the chemical aging due to harsh cleaning agents tends to reduce efficiency by enlarging pores, whereas natural aging can enhance virus capture due to the development of irreversible fouling. The limited research on the effects of membrane flux, pH in the bioreactor and aeration condition on virus removal has resulted in varying and inconclusive findings. This review systematically investigates the correlation between operational parameters such as turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids, transmembrane pressure, solids retention time, temperature, and hydraulic retention time and their impact on virus removal efficacy. Turbidity and transmembrane pressure are identified as potential indicators for indirectly monitoring virus removal. By integrating these insights, this paper contributes to an in depth understanding of MBR efficacy in virus removal and contributes to the ongoing refinement of operational strategies to ensure water safety and sustainability.
污水携带的病毒对环境生态系统和公众健康都构成重大风险。从污水中去除病毒需要严格的处理机制。膜生物反应器（MBR）系统处于当代污水处理技术的前沿，为抵御病毒提供了强大的屏障。本综述概述了MBR系统的双重功能，该系统将膜过滤与生物过程相结合，以有效地靶向去除病毒。它强调了膜表面形成的生物膜（滤饼层和凝胶层）的重要作用，以及膜孔径的关键影响。本综述进一步探讨了各种操作参数，这些参数可使MBR中病毒去除最大化，尤其突出了膜老化和清洗的影响。膜老化的影响各不相同，因为 harsh cleaning agents 导致的化学老化往往会因扩大孔径而降低效率，而自然老化由于不可逆污染的发展可增强病毒捕获。关于膜通量、生物反应器中的pH值和曝气条件对病毒去除影响的研究有限，导致了不同且不确定的结果。本综述系统地研究了诸如浊度、混合液悬浮固体、跨膜压力、固体停留时间、温度和水力停留时间等操作参数之间的相关性及其对病毒去除效果的影响。浊度和跨膜压力被确定为间接监测病毒去除的潜在指标。通过整合这些见解，本文有助于深入了解MBR在病毒去除方面的功效，并有助于不断完善操作策略以确保水安全和可持续性。 （注：原文中“harsh cleaning agents”未明确其准确含义，暂按字面翻译）
