Pagani A, Racionero Sánchez-Majano A, Zamani D, Petrolo M, Carrera E
MUL2 Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
Aerotec Missili Spaz. 2025;104(2):135-151. doi: 10.1007/s42496-024-00212-w. Epub 2024 Apr 22.
The advent of Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) in aerospace composites lay-up and manufacturing has allowed orientations to vary along pre-defined curved directions rather than being forced to remain constant within the lamina. These composites are called Variable Angle Tow (VAT) or Variable Stiffness Composites (VSC). Despite the enhancements in mechanical performance offered by VAT, constraints from the manufacturing process hinder their full potential. This paper explores the effect of primary defects, i.e., gaps and overlaps, on optimal design and fundamental frequency optimization. For doing so, the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) and the Defect Layer Method (DLM) are integrated directly into the optimization process to provide an efficient and cost-effective framework for modeling the structural behavior and manufacturing process of VSCs. Particular attention is given to manufacturing and tow-steering simulation to quantify and map defects for each laminate layer. This research serves a dual purpose: (i) examining the impact of process-induced defects on achieving an optimal design and (ii) exploring how the choice of structural theory may affect the optimal solution.
自动纤维铺放（AFP）技术在航空航天复合材料铺层和制造中的出现，使得纤维取向能够沿着预先定义的曲线方向变化，而不是被迫在层板内保持恒定。这些复合材料被称为变角度丝束（VAT）或变刚度复合材料（VSC）。尽管VAT复合材料在机械性能方面有所提升，但制造工艺的限制阻碍了它们充分发挥潜力。本文探讨了主要缺陷，即间隙和重叠，对优化设计和固有频率优化的影响。为此，将卡雷拉统一公式（CUF）和缺陷层方法（DLM）直接集成到优化过程中，以提供一个高效且经济高效的框架，用于对VSC的结构行为和制造过程进行建模。特别关注制造和丝束转向模拟，以量化和绘制每个层压板层的缺陷。本研究有两个目的：（i）研究工艺诱导缺陷对实现优化设计的影响；（ii）探索结构理论的选择如何影响最优解。
