Banoriya Gaurav Kumar, Singh Vineet Kumar, Maurya Ranjeet, Kharwar Rajesh Kumar
Department of Orthopaedics, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, 284001 Jhansi, India.
Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, 226007 Lucknow, India.
Discov Med. 2025 Mar;37(194):464-485. doi: 10.24976/Discov.Med.202537194.39.
Bone is an important connective tissue involved in the movement and mechanical support of the body. Its homeostasis refers to the equilibrium between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Hematopoietic progenitor cells are shared by bone and immune cells, and the skeletal system is extensively innervated by an extensive nerve network. The immune, endocrine and nervous systems synthesize and secrete cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters, respectively, which regulate physiological processes involved in bone homeostasis. Hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, testosterone, insulin, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, etc., regulate bone formation and resorption. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin (interleukin (IL)-1,3,4,6,10,17,18,23,27) regulate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as the bone microenvironment. The skeleton is innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nerve fibers that release neurotransmitters/factors such as serotonin, nerve growth factor, neuropeptide Y, substance P, norepinephrine and acetylcholine, which interact with various cells in the bone. Sclerostin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) are some of the important proteins released by osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts that regulate osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis and are also involved in pathological conditions. Further research is needed to establish links between the skeleton and other tissues and to gain additional insights into the etiology of degenerative diseases and the drug development process. The aim of this minireview is therefore to understand the composition of bone and the maintenance of bone homeostasis through three coordinates, namely the endocrine, nervous and immune systems.
骨骼是一种重要的结缔组织，参与身体的运动和机械支撑。其稳态是指成骨细胞形成骨与破骨细胞吸收骨之间的平衡。造血祖细胞由骨骼和免疫细胞共享，并且骨骼系统由广泛的神经网络广泛支配。免疫系统、内分泌系统和神经系统分别合成并分泌细胞因子、激素和神经递质，它们调节参与骨骼稳态的生理过程。诸如促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、雌激素、睾酮、胰岛素、甲状腺素、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、降钙素等激素，调节骨的形成和吸收。肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和白细胞介素（白细胞介素（IL）-1、3、4、6、10、17、18、23、27）调节成骨细胞和破骨细胞的功能以及骨微环境。骨骼由交感神经、副交感神经和感觉神经纤维支配这些神经纤维释放神经递质/因子，如血清素、神经生长因子、神经肽Y、P物质、去甲肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱它们与骨中的各种细胞相互作用。硬化蛋白、骨桥蛋白、骨保护素、骨钙素、前列腺素E2和核因子κB受体活化剂配体（RANKL）/核因子κB受体活化剂（RANK）是成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞释放的一些重要蛋白质，它们调节成骨细胞生成、破骨细胞生成和血管生成，并且也参与病理状况。需要进一步研究以建立骨骼与其他组织之间的联系，并进一步深入了解退行性疾病的病因和药物开发过程。因此，本综述的目的是通过内分泌、神经和免疫系统这三个坐标来了解骨骼的组成和骨骼稳态的维持。
