Sobhani Nasim C
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2025 Mar 22:19322968251327603. doi: 10.1177/19322968251327603.
The mainstay of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management in pregnancy is optimization of glucose levels in a tight range. Achieving euglycemia has been revolutionized by advances in diabetes technology, including the development of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems. A small but growing population of gravidas with T1D elects to pursue off-label use of AID systems in pregnancy, and their outcomes have been described in numerous observational cohorts. This review aims to aggregate data from all available observational studies examining glycemic, maternal, and neonatal outcomes associated with antenatal AID use. A total of 243 pregnancies managed antenatally with AID were described in 24 publications, with largely reassuring outcomes data. Time in range (TIR) with commercial AID systems was generally acceptable, with many patients reaching pregnancy target TIR > 70% by the third trimester. Time in range with open-source AID systems appeared even higher, although with the potential tradeoff of worse time below range (TBR). Clinically, there do not appear to be major differences in pregnancy outcomes between AID systems and other methods of insulin delivery, although this assumption is based largely on indirect comparisons with other population-level reports rather than direct comparisons within analytic observational cohorts. Clinical outcomes appear superior with open-source AID compared with commercial AID, although this should be interpreted with caution based on the small sample size of this subpopulation (n = 16) and potential confounding. The real-world evidence generated by these observational studies provides invaluable information for patients and providers seeking to improve outcomes for gravidas with T1D.
妊娠1型糖尿病(T1D)管理的主要内容是将血糖水平严格控制在理想范围内。糖尿病技术的进步,包括自动胰岛素输送(AID)系统的开发,彻底改变了实现血糖正常的方式。一小部分但数量不断增加的患有T1D的孕妇选择在孕期超说明书使用AID系统,其结局已在众多观察性队列研究中有所描述。本综述旨在汇总所有现有观察性研究的数据,这些研究探讨了产前使用AID与血糖、母体和新生儿结局之间的关系。24篇出版物描述了总共243例产前使用AID管理的妊娠情况,结局数据总体令人安心。使用商业AID系统时的血糖达标时间(TIR)通常是可以接受的,许多患者在孕晚期达到了妊娠目标TIR>70%。使用开源AID系统时的TIR似乎更高,尽管可能会有血糖低于目标范围时间(TBR)更差的权衡。临床上,AID系统与其他胰岛素给药方法之间的妊娠结局似乎没有重大差异,尽管这一假设在很大程度上是基于与其他人群水平报告的间接比较,而非分析性观察性队列中的直接比较。与商业AID相比,开源AID的临床结局似乎更优,不过鉴于该亚组样本量较小(n = 16)且存在潜在混杂因素,对此应谨慎解读。这些观察性研究产生的真实世界证据为寻求改善患有T1D孕妇结局的患者和医疗服务提供者提供了宝贵信息。