Fusing multiple source data for foundation excavation risk assessment based on cloud model and Dempster Shafer evidence theory.

Limited data from single source pose a significant constraint on the accuracy of risk assessment conducted during the pre-excavation feasibility analysis stage. In order to address this issue, a risk assessment method that integrates cloud model (CM) with Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is proposed. This method carefully selects multi-source risk evaluation indicators from project information and three-dimensional finite element numerical results to create project database and numerical database. By leveraging these databases, the CM generates the membership degrees for various evaluation indicators across different risk levels, which are then transformed into basic probability assignments within the D-S evidence theory. This allows for effective fusion of multi-source risk evaluation indicators achieving comprehensive quantitative evaluation of excavation. A narrow and elongated foundation project is assessed with a risk level of IV (safety) by the proposed approach. The outcomes provide a scientific basis for formulating preventive strategies and managerial decisions about foundation excavation during the pre-excavation.