Mapping Gene Expression in Whole Larval Brains of Butterflies.

Butterfly larvae display intricate cognitive capacities and behaviors, but relatively little is known about how those behaviors alter their brains at the molecular level. Here, we optimized a hybridization chain reaction 3.0 (HCR v3.0) protocol to visualize the expression of multiple RNA molecules in fixed larval brains of the African butterfly . We optimized the polyacrylamide gel mounting, fixation, and sample permeabilization steps, and mapped the expression domains of ten genes in whole larval brain tissue at single-cell resolution. The genes included (), , (), (), (), , (), (), (), and (). This method can be used alongside single-cell sequencing to visualize the spatial location of brain cells that change in gene expression or splicing patterns in response to specific behaviors or cognitive experiences.