Computational insights into host-pathogen protein interactions: unveiling penaeid shrimp and white spot syndrome virus interplay.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been a major threat in shrimp farming system especially for penaeid shrimps. The lack of effective control measures for WSSV makes this disease a significant threat to aquaculture. This study seeks to explore the mechanisms of WSSV infection and its impact on shrimp by examining host-pathogen interactions (HPI) through in silico approach, which can offer valuable insights into the processes of infection and disease progression. The investigation focused on five Penaeus species, including Penaeus vannamei, Penaeus chinensis, Penaeus monodon, Penaeus japonicus, and Penaeus indicus, studying their interaction with the WSSV. This study employed orthology-based and domain-driven analyses to reveal protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the host and the pathogen. The combined strategies were found to be effective in detecting shared molecular mechanisms in pathogenesis, unveiling intricate PPI networks critical for virulence and host response. Most interacting proteins in WSSV are immediate early proteins involved in DNA replication and proliferation, and are crucial for ubiquitination, transcription regulation, and nucleotide metabolism. A large number of host proteins interact with WSSV across species (2360-11,704 interactions), with P. chinensis (11,704) and P. japonicus (11,458) exhibiting the highest counts, suggesting greater susceptibility or response. Host hub proteins are crucial in signaling, cellular processes, and metabolism, interacting across the cytoplasm, nucleus, and membrane, highlighting their role in WSSV pathogenesis. This study provides essential insights into host-pathogen interactions, offering a foundation for future research aimed at improving WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.