Pitombeira de Figueirêdo Livia, Cirqueira Felipe, de Sousa Bianca Leite Carnib, Mamboungou Joseph, Rocha Thiago Lopes
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical, Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical, Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
Chemosphere. 2025 May;377:144314. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144314. Epub 2025 Mar 24.
Insecticides are critical in controlling pests and disease vectors. However, there is still a lack of ecotoxicological studies using commercial formulations of insecticides containing active ingredients. The study aimed to evaluate the developmental toxicity of a commercial insecticide mixture (imidacloprid [IMI] + beta-cyfluthrin [β-CYF]). Mortality, hatching rate, spontaneous contraction, heartbeat, morphological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), skeletal development, and locomotor behavior of zebrafish were analyzed. Embryos were exposed to imidacloprid (IMI) and β-cyfluthrin (β-CYF) in the following ratios: 0.001 mg IMI·L + 0.000125 mg β-CYF·L (C1); 0.01 mg IMI·L + 0.00125 mg β-CYF·L (C2); 0.1 mg IMI·L + 0.0125 mg β-CYF·L (C3); 1.0 mg IMI·L + 0.125 mg β-CYF·L (C4); 10.0 mg IMI·L + 1.25 mg β-CYF·L (C5) for 144 h. The results showed a mortality of 50 % of organisms in the C5 concentration. Embryos exposed to C1 and C3 showed tachycardia and hatched early compared to the negative control, indicating cardiotoxic and embryotoxic effects. The two highest concentrations tested (C4 and C5) induced evident morphological changes (yolk sac and pericardial edema, and spine alterations), and skeletal toxicity (absence of cartilage and bone formation), along with decreased larval swimming behavior. Also, the formulated insecticide (C1) increased ROS levels in zebrafish larvae. Results showed that the formulated insecticide containing IMI and β-CYF induces several toxic effects on developing zebrafish, indicating its environmental risk to aquatic organisms.
杀虫剂在控制害虫和疾病媒介方面至关重要。然而，仍缺乏使用含有活性成分的商业杀虫剂配方进行的生态毒理学研究。该研究旨在评估一种商业杀虫剂混合物（吡虫啉[IMI]+高效氯氟氰菊酯[β-CYF]）的发育毒性。分析了斑马鱼的死亡率、孵化率、自发收缩、心跳、形态变化、活性氧（ROS）、骨骼发育和运动行为。将胚胎暴露于以下比例的吡虫啉（IMI）和高效氯氟氰菊酯（β-CYF）中：0.001 mg IMI·L + 0.000125 mg β-CYF·L（C1）；0.01 mg IMI·L + 0.00125 mg β-CYF·L（C2）；0.1 mg IMI·L + 0.0125 mg β-CYF·L（C3）；1.0 mg IMI·L + 0.125 mg β-CYF·L（C4）；10.0 mg IMI·L + 1.25 mg β-CYF·L（C5），持续144小时。结果显示，在C5浓度下，50%的生物体死亡。与阴性对照相比，暴露于C1和C3的胚胎出现心动过速并提前孵化，表明存在心脏毒性和胚胎毒性作用。测试的两个最高浓度（C4和C5）诱导了明显的形态变化（卵黄囊和心包水肿以及脊柱改变）和骨骼毒性（软骨和骨形成缺失），同时幼虫游泳行为减少。此外，配方杀虫剂（C1）增加了斑马鱼幼虫中的ROS水平。结果表明，含有IMI和β-CYF的配方杀虫剂对发育中的斑马鱼诱导了多种毒性作用，表明其对水生生物具有环境风险。
