Li Nenghui, Li Jing, Xie Jianming, Rui Wenjing, Pu Kaiguo, Gao Yanqiang, Wang Tiantian, Zhang Miao
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
Plant Sci. 2025 Jun;355:112479. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112479. Epub 2025 Mar 23.
Plants are constantly subjected to various abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heavy metals and low temperature) throughout their life cycle, which significantly hinder their growth and productivity. Key abiotic stresses include drought, salinity, heavy metals, and extreme temperatures. In response, plants modulate glycine betaine (GB) levels, a vital compatible solute that influences growth and stress tolerance by interacting with phytohormones and cellular signaling pathways. Not all species can synthesize endogenous GB; however, some non-GB accumulating plants have been genetically modified to enhance GB production through the overexpression of synthesis genes such as choline oxidase, choline monooxygenase, and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Exogenous GB treatment can mitigate stress effects by improving nutritional balance, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), minimizing membrane damage, and alleviating photoinhibition. Nonetheless, the specificity of GB application, transport, and accumulation across species, as well as its interaction with phytohormones in stress alleviation, remains uncertain. This review focuses on GB's role as an antioxidant, osmo-regulator, and nitrogen source, evaluating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which GB mitigates abiotic stresses, aiming to develop GB-based strategies for enhancing plant stress resilience.
植物在其整个生命周期中不断受到各种非生物胁迫（干旱、盐度、重金属和低温）的影响，这些胁迫显著阻碍了它们的生长和生产力。关键的非生物胁迫包括干旱、盐度、重金属和极端温度。作为响应，植物会调节甘氨酸甜菜碱（GB）的水平，甘氨酸甜菜碱是一种重要的相容性溶质，它通过与植物激素和细胞信号通路相互作用来影响生长和胁迫耐受性。并非所有物种都能合成内源性GB；然而，一些不积累GB的植物已通过基因改造，通过过表达胆碱氧化酶、胆碱单加氧酶和甜菜碱醛脱氢酶等合成基因来提高GB的产量。外源GB处理可以通过改善营养平衡、减少活性氧（ROS）、最小化膜损伤和减轻光抑制来减轻胁迫影响。尽管如此，GB在不同物种中的应用、运输和积累的特异性，以及它在减轻胁迫过程中与植物激素的相互作用仍不明确。本综述重点关注GB作为抗氧化剂、渗透调节剂和氮源的作用，评估GB减轻非生物胁迫的生理、生化和分子机制，旨在制定基于GB的策略来增强植物的胁迫恢复力。
