Strom Sean M, Wojcik Beth, Dehnert Gavin, Cornelius Ruhs Emily
Bureau of Fisheries Management, Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Appleton, WI, USA.
Office of Applied Sciences, Division of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Parks, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA.
Environ Res. 2025 Jul 1;276:121468. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121468. Epub 2025 Mar 24.
We analyzed concentrations and trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 96 nestling bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) at six study sites throughout Wisconsin from 2011 to 2017. Nestling blood plasma concentrations of the sum of 11 PFAS analytes (∑ PFAS) differed among study locations: the highest concentration was in the industrialized Green Bay region at study area: Upper Green Bay/Lake Michigan (GBLM; estimated mean = 313.18 μg/L; range = 188.3-478.9 μg/L). For study locations with only one year of data, PFAS were highest at downstream Wisconsin River sites: Lower Wisconsin State River (LWSR; estimated mean = 646.7 μg/L; range 376.0-979.8 μg/L) and Middle Wisconsin River (MDWR; 659.6 μg/L; range = 209.3-928.6 μg/L). Overall, perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant analyte at all study locations. Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) were the second and third highest concentration analytes at most sites. Temporal trends existed for ∑ PFAS and all analytes for most of the study locations with more than one year of data - with patterns for analytes differing by study location. In addition, nestling age significantly altered plasma concentrations of ∑ PFAS and PFOS - concentrations were higher in older nestlings, ranging from 3.77 to 4.38 μg/L per day of age difference, respectively. We have illustrated that bald eagles can be useful and reliable bioindicators of PFAS exposure and environmental change. The results from this study can be used by management and conservation agencies to highlight locations of concern that could be prioritized for remediation.
2011年至2017年期间，我们分析了威斯康星州六个研究地点的96只白头海雕雏鸟体内每一种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的浓度及变化趋势。11种PFAS分析物总和（∑PFAS）在雏鸟血浆中的浓度在各研究地点有所不同：最高浓度出现在工业化的绿湾地区的研究区域：上绿湾/密歇根湖（GBLM；估计均值 = 313.18μg/L；范围 = 188.3 - 478.9μg/L）。对于只有一年数据的研究地点，PFAS在威斯康星河下游的地点最高：威斯康星州下河（LWSR；估计均值 = 646.7μg/L；范围376.0 - 9,79.8μg/L）和威斯康星河中段（MDWR；659.6μg/L；范围 = 209.3 - 928.6μg/L）。总体而言，全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）是所有研究地点中含量最丰富的分析物。全氟十一烷酸（PFUnDA）和全氟癸酸（PFDA）是大多数地点浓度第二和第三高的分析物。对于大多数有一年以上数据的研究地点，∑PFAS和所有分析物都存在时间变化趋势——不同研究地点分析物的变化模式有所不同。此外，雏鸟年龄显著改变了∑PFAS和PFOS的血浆浓度——年龄较大的雏鸟浓度更高，年龄差异每增加一天，浓度分别升高3.77至4.38μg/L。我们已经证明，白头海雕可以作为PFAS暴露和环境变化的有用且可靠的生物指标。这项研究的结果可供管理和保护机构用于突出需要关注的地点，以便优先进行修复。
