Gruning C F
Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985 Jun;62(6):386-91. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198506000-00005.
Functional vision problems caused by or associated with nearpoint vision stress include: accommodative disorders (insufficiency, ill-sustained, infacility); abnormal heterophorias (esophoria, high exophoria); and vergence disorders. These vision disorders cause problems with acuity, comfort, and performance (efficiency). A combination of lens prescribing, vision therapy, and work/study visual hygiene recommendations can eliminate or greatly reduce nearpoint stress-induced vision problems.
调节障碍（调节不足、调节维持不良、调节不灵活）；异常隐斜视（内隐斜、高度外隐斜）；以及聚散障碍。这些视觉障碍会导致视力、舒适度和表现（效率）方面的问题。配镜、视觉治疗以及工作/学习视觉卫生建议相结合，可以消除或大大减少近点压力引起的视觉问题。
