业余、精英和世界杯运动员在炎热环境下进行世界杯短距离铁人三项赛时的热和生物力学反应。
Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat.
作者信息
James Carl, Muniz-Pardos Borja, Ihsan Mohammed, Lo Ka-Kay, Lam Wing-Kai, Iglesias Dani Peña, Angeloudis Konstantinos, Teng Yi, Jiao Jiao, Hu Ke, Wong KaKi, Guppy Fergus, Racinais Sébastien, Chalmers Samuel, Migliorini Sergio, Wu Kenneth, Pitsiladis Yannis
机构信息
Department of Sports and Health Science, Academy of Wellness and Human Development, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
EXER-GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain.
出版信息
Sports Med. 2025 Mar 27. doi: 10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7.
OBJECTIVES
Core temperature (T), skin temperature (T) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25-31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).
METHODS
Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).
RESULTS
Seventeen triathletes displayed a T > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak T was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; p = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (p = 0.001). Changes in T for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak T was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (p < 0.001). T reduced during the swim (p < 0.001), then increased during the bike (p < 0.001) but not run (p = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; p < 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, p < 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min, p < 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.
CONCLUSION
Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak T responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated T > 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. T may rise > 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under Blue flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under Red/Black flag conditions (> 30.1 °C WBGT).
目的
在一场世界杯短距离铁人三项赛中，于热浪期间（湿球黑球温度[WBGT]约为25 - 31°C），对不同类别运动员的核心体温（T）、皮肤温度（T）和跑步运动学指标进行测量。
方法
66名铁人三项运动员参与其中：21名世界杯运动员（7名女性）、32名香港精英运动员（HK - Elite；8名女性）和13名业余运动员（6名女性）。
结果
17名铁人三项运动员体温T > 40.0°C，2名体温> 41.0°C。不同类别运动员的最高体温无差异（世界杯运动员：39.7 ± 0.6°C；HK - Elite：39.9 ± 0.8°C；业余运动员：39.5 ± 0.8°C；p = 0.357）。然而，比赛阶段和类别之间存在交互作用（p = 0.001）。世界杯运动员（2.4 ± 0.4°C）和HK - Elite运动员（2.5 ± 1.0°C）的体温变化大于业余运动员（1.5 ± 0.7°C）。与上午的世界杯比赛相比，HK - Elite运动员在下午比赛中的最高体温更高（p < 0.001）。游泳期间体温降低（p < 0.001），随后在骑行期间升高（p < 0.001），但在跑步期间未升高（p = 1.00）。世界杯运动员步幅更长（3.15 ± 0.23米）（HK - Elite运动员：2.64 ± 0.35米；业余运动员：2.18 ± 0.30米；p < 0.001），接触时间更短（209.3 ± 13.7毫秒；HK - Elite运动员：237.8 ± 23.0毫秒；业余运动员：262.9 ± 31.0毫秒，p < 0.001），步频更高（182.9 ± 6.3步/分钟），高于HK - Elite运动员（173.9 ± 6.8步/分钟）和业余运动员（173.2 ± 8.7步/分钟，p < 0.001），且具有可比性。随时间推移没有生物力学变化，也没有交互作用。
结论
不同类别运动员的最高体温反应具有可比性。业余铁人三项运动员可耐受体温T > 40.0°C且无中暑症状。在蓝旗条件下（WBGT约为26°C）举行的短距离铁人三项赛中，体温可能升至> 41°C，这对短距离铁人三项赛作为红旗/黑旗条件下（> 30.1°C WBGT）奥运会距离铁人三项赛更安全替代项目的适宜性提出了质疑。
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