Jones Doug
Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2025 Mar 28;20(3):e0319385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0319385. eCollection 2025.
According to the theory of kin selection, an organism that shows some level of altruism toward her kin - lowering her own fitness, raising that of a close genetic relative - may enjoy an evolutionary advantage. Some species show beyond-ordinary altruism toward siblings, and other kin, owing to unusual reproductive biology and/or ecology. Human beings are exceptional in another way: how we treat our kin depends partly on how we feel about them, but also partly on socially enforced norms. This article explores several versions of a simple evolutionary game, the Brothers Karamazov Game, that departs from the standard theory of kin selection to allow for the distinctively human capacity for establishing and enforcing social norms. We discuss possible applications to understanding the "unity of the sibling group" (Radcliffe-Brown) - according exceptional treatment to siblings, and to relatives classified as siblings or linked through siblings. We give special attention to lowland South America, where the sibling relationship is central to social organization.
根据亲缘选择理论，一个对自己亲属表现出某种程度利他行为的有机体——降低自身适应性，提高近亲的适应性——可能会获得进化优势。由于特殊的繁殖生物学和/或生态，一些物种对兄弟姐妹及其他亲属表现出超乎寻常的利他行为。人类在另一个方面与众不同：我们对待亲属的方式部分取决于我们对他们的感受，但也部分取决于社会强制规范。本文探讨了一个简单进化博弈的几个版本，即《卡拉马佐夫兄弟博弈》，它背离了亲缘选择的标准理论，以考虑人类建立和执行社会规范的独特能力。我们讨论了其在理解“兄弟群体的团结”（拉德克利夫-布朗）方面的可能应用——给予兄弟姐妹以及被归类为兄弟姐妹或通过兄弟姐妹联系在一起的亲属特殊待遇。我们特别关注南美洲低地地区，在那里兄弟姐妹关系是社会组织的核心。
