Where there are no visitors: Improvising care in a pediatric hospital in Zambia.

In hospitals in Zambia, family members carry out intimate and care procedures, run errands, and offer emotional and practical support to patients. However, their presence also creates challenges when they use resources, take up space dedicated to patients, and contribute to disease spread. The COVID-19 pandemic brought such tensions into view and drove hospital administrators, clinicians, and researchers to draw a bright line between family as caregivers (considered necessary) and family as visitors (considered extraneous). In this article, we ask: If caregivers are not visitors, then who are visitors? What is the work of visiting? From 2020 to 2021, we carried out research in a Zambian pediatric hospital when visitors were not allowed to enter the hospital, but a singular caregiver was required at the bedside of each child admitted. Our findings from interviews with 44 healthcare workers and 30 caregivers revealed several themes-that the care work required in hospitals surpasses the ability of a single caregiver; that ephemeral encounters between caregivers and visitors facilitate sympathy driven care; and that witnessing need could catalyze and exhibit support. We expand on these themes, focusing on one grandmother's months-long stay with her granddaughter in the hospital, to show how caregiver, visitor, and healthcare worker roles were improvised and reworked. Ultimately, this research breaks down binaries commonly cited in discussions of family caregiving, such as essential and non-essential, helpful and wasteful, caregiver and visitor. This has policy implications because ignoring or dismissing visitors as extraneous will further disadvantage caregivers and patients and disenfranchise families.