Scheidt Katharina, Kropla Fabian, Winkler Dirk, Möbius Robert, Vychopen Martin, Wach Johannes, Güresir Erdem, Grunert Ronny
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Biosaxony- Saxony's Biotech, Medtech and Health Economy Cluster, Deutscher Platz 5c, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
3D Print Med. 2025 Apr 3;11(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s41205-025-00263-0.
The importance of reducing error rates in invasive procedures has led to the development of teaching phantoms. In collaboration with surgeons and engineers at the University Hospital of Leipzig, a new 3D-printed simulation model for external ventricular drainage was created. This model includes system-relevant components such as the ventricular system, the surrounding brain tissue and the skull bone to be trephined. The methodology for developing the simulation model is described in detail. Additionally, the system was initially evaluated by neurosurgeons using a Likert scale. Future studies are planned to assess the system's accuracy and perform comparative analyses.
The data required for analysis were extracted from medical images. The phantom consists of three components: the ventricular system, the brain mass, and the skull bone. The bone component was fabricated via 3D printing using a realistic hard polyamide, PA12. The ventricular system was also 3D printed as a hollow structure using a flexible material, Elastic Resin 50 A from Formlabs. The brain tissue was modeled via a cast gelatin mold. The cerebrospinal fluid was a water solution.
The system's initial tests successfully simulated cerebrospinal fluid flow through the tube into the ventricular system. The skull can be trepanned. Additional materials are required at the drilling sites because of chip formation. A more pointed cannula than usual can puncture the ventricular system. With a concentration of 30 g/l, gelatin is a realistic imitation of brain tissue.
All essential components of the skull, brain and ventricle exhibit a degree of realism that has never been achieved before. In terms of its design and reproducibility, the model is exceptionally well suited for training and consolidating methods and procedures as part of a realistic training program for the placement of external ventricular drainage.
降低侵入性手术错误率的重要性促使了教学模型的发展。与莱比锡大学医院的外科医生和工程师合作，创建了一种用于体外脑室引流的新型3D打印模拟模型。该模型包括与系统相关的组件，如脑室系统、周围脑组织和需要钻孔的颅骨。详细描述了开发模拟模型的方法。此外，神经外科医生最初使用李克特量表对该系统进行了评估。计划开展未来研究以评估该系统的准确性并进行比较分析。
分析所需数据从医学图像中提取。该模型由三个组件组成：脑室系统、脑块和颅骨。骨骼组件通过3D打印使用逼真的硬质聚酰胺PA12制成。脑室系统也使用来自Formlabs的弹性树脂50A这种柔性材料3D打印成空心结构。脑组织通过铸造明胶模具建模。脑脊液为水溶液。
该系统的初步测试成功模拟了脑脊液通过管道流入脑室系统的过程。颅骨可以钻孔。由于切屑形成，钻孔部位需要额外的材料。比通常更尖的套管可以刺穿脑室系统。明胶浓度为30g/l时，是对脑组织的逼真模仿。
颅骨、大脑和脑室的所有基本组件都展现出了前所未有的逼真程度。就其设计和可重复性而言，该模型非常适合作为体外脑室引流放置实际培训计划的一部分，用于培训和巩固方法及程序。
