Hengstmann Elena, Corella Pablo Zapata, Alter Katharina, Belzunce-Segarra Maria J, Booth Andy M, Castro-Jiménez Javier, Czerner Niklas, De Cauwer Karien, Deviller Geneviève, Gomiero Alessio, Goseberg Nils, Hasenbein Simone, Kirchgeorg Torben, Mason Claire, Pape Wiebke, Parmentier Koen, Plaß Anna, Pröfrock Daniel, Sarhadi Ali, Vanavermaete David, van der Molen Johan, Vinagre Pedro Almeida, Wood Daniel, Weinberg Ingo, Windt Christian, Zonderman Alexa, Kenyon Jennifer, De Witte Bavo
Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany.
IFREMER, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins, 44000 Nantes, France.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Jun;215:117915. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915. Epub 2025 Apr 5.
Offshore wind energy may offer many advantages: next to the aim of renewable energy production, offshore wind farms (OWFs) enable multi-purpose opportunities with nature conservation and aquaculture. OWFs may also affect the marine ecosystem. The environmental impact of OWFs is starting to be investigated regarding the effect of novel habitat introduction, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, or exclusion of fisheries. However, the impact of chemical emissions from OWFs remains largely unknown. It is essential to account for these emissions at an early stage, to comprehensively assess the environmental impact with the objective of developing a future fit-for-purpose regulatory framework to protect the marine environment. This review compiled a literature-based list of potential OWF-related chemical emissions containing >200 organic and inorganic contaminants, including polymers. Compounds are categorised according to data source and emission type. Major gaps in assessing the impact of the compounds are identified, including challenges in environmental monitoring, numerical modelling and assessing the toxicity of individual and mixtures of chemical contaminants on marine organisms and humans consuming potential OWF aquaculture products. A risk-based prioritisation is essential to target the compounds of higher concern and overcome costs linked to assessing a wide variety of chemical contaminants. Although some countries have regulations to reduce OWF chemical emissions, standardized impact assessments or monitoring requirements for OWF-based chemical contaminants have not been established. This stresses the importance of providing more detailed information on occurrence, distribution and impact of OWF chemical emissions as an essential step towards sound ecosystem-based management of OWF installations.
除了可再生能源生产这一目标外，海上风电场（OWF）还为自然保护和水产养殖带来了多用途机遇。然而，海上风电场也可能会影响海洋生态系统。目前已开始对海上风电场的环境影响展开调查，内容涉及新栖息地引入、水下噪声、电磁场或渔业禁入等方面的影响。不过，海上风电场化学排放的影响在很大程度上仍不为人知。在早期阶段考虑这些排放至关重要，以便全面评估环境影响，从而制定出适合未来用途的监管框架来保护海洋环境。本综述编制了一份基于文献的潜在海上风电场相关化学排放清单，其中包含200多种有机和无机污染物，包括聚合物。这些化合物根据数据来源和排放类型进行分类。确定了在评估这些化合物影响方面的主要差距，包括环境监测、数值模拟以及评估化学污染物个体及其混合物对海洋生物和食用潜在海上风电场水产养殖产品的人类的毒性等方面的挑战。基于风险的优先级排序对于确定更受关注的化合物并克服与评估多种化学污染物相关的成本至关重要。尽管一些国家已制定法规来减少海上风电场的化学排放，但尚未建立针对海上风电场化学污染物的标准化影响评估或监测要求。这凸显了提供有关海上风电场化学排放的发生、分布和影响的更详细信息的重要性，这是朝着基于健全生态系统的海上风电场设施管理迈出的关键一步。
