Targeting gut-immune-heart modulate cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction.

The gut microbiota interacts with the host to regulate disease and health status. An increasing number of studies have recognized the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and immune cells, which plays a significant role in the etiology and prognosis of diseases. Gut microbiota is also a crucial regulatory factor in cardiovascular diseases. After acute myocardial infarction, myocardial and endothelial damage rapidly triggers an inflammatory response, activating the immune system and disrupting the gut microbiota ecology, thereby affecting cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction and potentially leading to heart failure. We have elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of complex intercellular networks in the immune system during cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Furthermore, this research examines the roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota, immune cells, and gut metabolites in relation to cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting gut immune cells as an effective approach to prevent and treat heart failure after acute myocardial infarction in the future, through methods such as dietary regulation, probiotic supplementation, and microbiota transplantation.