Exploring neuropharmacokinetics: mechanisms, models, and clinical implications.

Neuropharmacokinetics is an emerging field dedicated to understanding the pharmacokinetics of drugs within the central nervous system (CNS), with a particular emphasis on overcoming the challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier. This paper reviews the latest advancements in drug delivery strategies, including nanoparticle-based systems, receptor-mediated transcytosis, and efflux transporter inhibition, which have been designed to enhance drug penetration into the brain. Additionally, the use of advanced imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging with contrast agents has provided critical insights into drug distribution, receptor occupancy, and the functional impact of therapeutic agents within the CNS. These innovations not only enhance our understanding of CNS drug action but also pave the way for more effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.