Kuvawoga Eve Ruvarangu, Mangwiro Clement, Dhliwayo Marshall, Dzomba Pamhidzai
Department of Animal Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2025 Apr 9;57(3):165. doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04401-y.
Ticks and tick borne diseases are on the rise. This is leading to diseases of economic importance in animals such that farmer`s budgetary allocation is constrained. Recently, interventions involving the use of plant based anti-tick products has shown promising results. Hence, in the present study, a tick grease was developed and evaluated utilising terpenes and terpenoids from Cissus quadrangularis as principal active components. Terpene and terpenoid rich extracts were isolated using a normal phase silica gel packed column and active fraction determined using repellence and knockdown effect. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the terpenes and terpenoids from dried Cissus quadrangularis stems. The chemical composition of the active fraction was evaluated using GC-MS. The formulated tick grease was evaluated under both laboratory and field studies. Out of the six column isolated fractions only 2, eluted with hexane: ethyl acetate ratio: 8:2 (100 mL), and 7:3 (100 mL), showed significant acaricidal activity with a percentage knockdown effect of 100 and 75% respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the combine two fractions showed that, they consisted of various monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Copaene (14.56%), α-ocimene (42.23%), murolene (16.98%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.89%) were found to be the major occurring compounds in the fraction. The tick grease formulated with the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes rich fraction showed significant acaricidal activity when compared to commercial acaricide, armitraz purchased from local veterinary shops. The tick grease showed percent repellence of 100% as compared to 75% for the commercial acaricide. Under field studies, by topical application on cows the tick grease knocked down all ticks including Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum species which were resistant to the commercial acaricide. It also showed good protective effect over the 5 day period selected for the study on non-tick infested cows. Thus our study prove the potential of using terpenes and terpenoids from Cissus quadrangularis as active compounds in formulating a tick grease.
蜱虫及蜱传疾病的数量正在上升。这导致了对动物具有经济重要性的疾病，使得农民的预算分配受到限制。最近，涉及使用植物源抗蜱产品的干预措施已显示出有前景的结果。因此，在本研究中，开发并评估了一种以四角葡萄中的萜类和萜类化合物为主要活性成分的蜱虫油脂。使用正相硅胶填充柱分离富含萜烯和萜类化合物的提取物，并通过驱避和击倒效果确定活性组分。用乙酸乙酯从干燥的四角葡萄茎中提取萜烯和萜类化合物。使用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC - MS）评估活性组分的化学成分。在实验室和田间研究中对配制的蜱虫油脂进行了评估。在六个柱分离组分中，只有用己烷：乙酸乙酯比例为8:2（100毫升）和7:3（100毫升）洗脱的2个组分显示出显著的杀螨活性，击倒率分别为100%和75%。对这两个组分的GC - MS分析表明，它们由各种单萜和倍半萜组成。发现 Copaene（14.56%）、α - 罗勒烯（42.23%）、莫罗烯（16.98%）和氧化石竹烯（11.89%）是该组分中主要的化合物。与从当地兽医商店购买的商业杀螨剂双甲脒相比，用富含单萜和倍半萜的组分配制的蜱虫油脂显示出显著的杀螨活性。蜱虫油脂的驱避率为100%，而商业杀螨剂的驱避率为75%。在田间研究中，通过对奶牛进行局部应用，蜱虫油脂击倒了所有蜱虫，包括对商业杀螨剂有抗性的微小牛蜱和变异革蜱物种。在为未感染蜱虫的奶牛选择的5天研究期间，它也显示出良好的保护作用。因此，我们的研究证明了使用四角葡萄中的萜类和萜类化合物作为活性化合物来配制蜱虫油脂的潜力。
