Lestari Dwi, Hamzah Hasyrul, Dewi Pramesthi Asri Dwi Endah, Syamsul Eka Siswanto, Safitri Putri Dela, Nurjunnah Rika, Rohman Abdul
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Samarinda, Samarinda, Indonesia.
Open Vet J. 2025 Feb;15(2):646-659. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.13. Epub 2025 Feb 28.
The muslim population is very concerned about halal food. Nowadays, there is a growing awareness among consumers regarding the adulteration of food. High-quality Gabus fish oil (halal) is very susceptible to being adulterated with Pork oil (non-halal) by unethical producers to gain greater profits.
The research objective was to use Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with chemometrics for the analysis of pork oil adulteration in Gabus fish oil.
Extraction of Gabus fish oil using the pressing method and pork oil using the soxhlet method. The oil components extracted were then analyzed using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square (PLS) and principle component regression (PCR) using optimized conditions. The GC-MS data from methyl ester were processed using chemometrics principal component analysis (PCA) to group Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and palm oil.
The absorbance values at wavenumber regions of 1,500,000 cm were selected for discrimination between Gabus fish oil and Gabus fish oil adulterated with pork oil using chemometrics of LDA. The LDA applied to the same wavenumber regions used in the quantitative analysis successfully classified Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and a Gabus-pork oil mixture with an accuracy of 100%. The prediction of pork oil was successfully determined using multivariate calibrations of PLS and PCR using optimized conditions. There are three fatty acid markers found in Gabus fish oil caprylic acid, pentadecanoic acid and arachidic acid. The PCA was applied for data GC-MS interpretation. An analysis by PCA was able to cluster and discriminate Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and palm oil.
FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and GC-MS coupled with chemometrics is a rapid and accurate method for detecting and quantifying pork oil in Gabus fish oil for halal authentication.
穆斯林群体非常关注清真食品。如今，消费者对食品掺假的意识日益增强。高品质的加布斯鱼油（清真）极易被不道德的生产商掺入猪油（非清真）以获取更高利润。
本研究的目标是结合化学计量学，使用傅里叶变换红外衰减全反射（FTIR - ATR）光谱法和气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）法分析加布斯鱼油中猪油掺假情况。
采用压榨法提取加布斯鱼油，索氏提取法提取猪油。然后使用FTIR - ATR光谱法结合线性判别分析（LDA）化学计量学以及在优化条件下的偏最小二乘法（PLS）和主成分回归（PCR）多变量校准对提取的油成分进行分析。来自甲酯的GC - MS数据使用化学计量学主成分分析（PCA）进行处理，以对加布斯鱼油、猪油和棕榈油进行分类。
使用LDA化学计量学，选择波数区域为1,500,000 cm处的吸光度值来区分加布斯鱼油和掺有猪油的加布斯鱼油。应用于定量分析中相同波数区域的LDA成功地将加布斯鱼油、猪油和加布斯 - 猪油混合物分类，准确率达100%。在优化条件下，使用PLS和PCR多变量校准成功测定了猪油含量。在加布斯鱼油中发现了三种脂肪酸标志物：辛酸、十五烷酸和花生酸。PCA用于GC - MS数据解释。PCA分析能够对加布斯鱼油、猪油和棕榈油进行聚类和区分。
FTIR - ATR光谱法和GC - MS结合化学计量学是一种快速准确的方法，用于检测和定量加布斯鱼油中用于清真认证的猪油。
