Kirkegaard Anne Marie, Kloster Stine, Davidsen Michael, Christensen Anne Illemann, Martiny Klaus, Volf Carlo, Loft Steffen, Nielsen Niss Skov, Gunnarsen Lars, Ersbøll Annette Kjær
Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Apr 11;25(1):1372. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22473-1.
Few studies have found that housing types and tenure might be associated with decreased mental health. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the association between housing type and the development of incident depression. Furthermore, quantifying the mediated effects through perceived indoor annoyances and perceived loneliness for the association between housing type and depression.
In this cohort study, we followed 14,387 individuals. Data on depression, housing type, perceived indoor annoyances, perceived loneliness and several covariates were obtained from the Danish National Patient Register, the Danish National Prescription Registry, the Building and Housing Register, and the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey. The association between housing type and depression was estimated by using a generalised linear model with Poisson distribution of the number of incident depressions and a logarithmic transformation of risk time as offset. Causal mediation analysis estimated the total effect mediated by perceived indoor annoyances and perceived loneliness.
Individuals living in owned terrace houses, rented terrace houses, and rented apartments had a significantly higher incidence rate (IR) of depression compared to individuals in owner-occupied detached houses. Living in a rented apartment compared to owning a detached house was associated with an adjusted IRR for depression of 1.32 (95% CI 1.14, 1.53). Of this association, 11% could be attributed to perceived indoor annoyances and 8% to perceived loneliness. For individuals living in rented terrace houses compared to owner-occupied detached houses, perceived indoor annoyances mediated 6% of the association between housing type and depression.
Individuals living in certain housing types had a significantly higher IR of depression compared to individuals in owner-occupied detached houses. Our findings suggest that some of the excessed depression incidents among individuals living in rented apartments and rented terrace houses compared to detached houses could be attributed to differences in the number of perceived indoor annoyances and perceived loneliness. However, future studies are needed to confirm the findings of the present study and address other pathways and possible causations.
很少有研究发现住房类型和居住权可能与心理健康下降有关。因此，本研究旨在调查住房类型与新发抑郁症之间的关联。此外，量化通过感知到的室内烦恼和感知到的孤独感对住房类型与抑郁症之间关联的中介作用。
在这项队列研究中，我们追踪了14387名个体。从丹麦国家患者登记处、丹麦国家处方登记处、建筑与住房登记处以及丹麦健康与发病率调查中获取了关于抑郁症、住房类型、感知到的室内烦恼、感知到的孤独感以及若干协变量的数据。使用广义线性模型估计住房类型与抑郁症之间的关联，该模型以新发抑郁症病例数的泊松分布和风险时间的对数转换作为偏移量。因果中介分析估计了由感知到的室内烦恼和感知到的孤独感介导的总效应。
与自住独立式房屋中的个体相比，居住在自有联排别墅、租赁联排别墅和租赁公寓中的个体抑郁症发病率显著更高。与拥有独立式房屋相比，居住在租赁公寓中与抑郁症的调整发病率比值比为1.32（95%置信区间1.14, 1.53）。在这种关联中，11%可归因于感知到的室内烦恼，8%可归因于感知到的孤独感。与自住独立式房屋中的个体相比，居住在租赁联排别墅中的个体，感知到的室内烦恼介导了住房类型与抑郁症之间6%的关联。
与自住独立式房屋中的个体相比，居住在某些住房类型中的个体抑郁症发病率显著更高。我们的研究结果表明，与独立式房屋相比，居住在租赁公寓和租赁联排别墅中的个体中一些额外的抑郁症病例可能归因于感知到的室内烦恼数量和感知到的孤独感的差异。然而，需要进一步的研究来证实本研究的结果，并探讨其他途径和可能的因果关系。
