The Role of ETS2 in Macrophage Inflammation.

Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are rising globally yet widely effective therapies remain elusive. Most treatments have limited efficacy, significant potential side effects, or eventually lose response, underscoring the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. We recently discovered that ETS2, a transcription factor, functions as a master regulator of macrophage-driven inflammation-and is causally linked to the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory diseases via human genetics. The pleotropic inflammatory effects of ETS2 included upregulation of many cytokines that are individually targeted by current disease therapies, including TNFα, IL-23, IL1β, and TNF-like ligand 1A signaling. With the move toward combination treatment-to maximize efficacy-targeting ETS2 presents a unique opportunity to potentially induce a broad therapeutic effect. However, there will be multiple challenges to overcome since direct ETS2 inhibition is unlikely to be feasible. Here, we discuss these challenges and other unanswered questions about the central role that ETS2 plays in macrophage inflammation.