A synergistic approach integrating potassium ferrate oxidation with polyacrylamide flocculation to enhance sludge dewatering and its mechanisms.

Sludge dewatering is a critical phase in sludge treatment and disposal, significantly impacting storage, transportation, and subsequent handling. This study introduces an innovative approach combining potassium ferrate (PF) oxidation and polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculation to synergistically enhance sludge dewatering efficiency. PF disrupts EPS and releases bound water, while PAM restores floc structure, addressing the limitations of standalone oxidation. Initial PF conditioning significantly reduced sludge water content (W) to 75.18 %, attributed to the oxidative breakdown of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the release of bound water. However, higher PF doses increased specific filtration resistance (SFR) and capillary suction time (CST), indicating deteriorated filterability. The subsequent addition of PAM mitigated these issues, further reducing W to 73.64 %, SFR from 12.75 × 10 m/kg to 3.62 × 10 m/kg, and reduced CST from 88.95 s to 32.3 s, demonstrating marked improvements in dewatering performance. Characterization studies revealed the underlying mechanisms: PF-induced sludge fragmentation and EPS degradation, followed by PAM-mediated re-flocculation and structural reorganization. Further, applying XDLVO theory and Flory-Huggins lattice theory revealed changes in the sludge's surface hydrophilicity and the system's chemical potential, improving SFR and enhancing dewatering efficiency while reducing moisture content. This investigation not only offers an innovative dewatering approach but also underpins the mechanism of improved dewaterability.