Behera Priyatama, Mishra Monalisa
Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
Biol Cell. 2025 Apr;117(4):e70009. doi: 10.1111/boc.70009.
Lipid droplets are ubiquitous yet distinct intracellular organelles that are gaining attention for their uses outside of energy storage. Their formation, role in the physiological function, and the onset of the pathology have been gaining attention recently. Their structure, synthesis, and turnover play dynamic roles in both lipodystrophy and neurodegeneration. Factors like development, aging, inflammation, and cellular stress regulate the synthesis of lipid droplets. The biogenesis of lipid droplets has a critical role in reducing cellular stress. Lipid droplets, in response to stress, sequester hazardous lipids into their neutral lipid core, preserving energy and redox balance while guarding against lipotoxicity. Thus, the maintenance of lipid droplet homeostasis in adipose tissue, CNS, and other body tissues is essential for maintaining organismal health. Insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and lipid droplet accumulation are the severe metabolic abnormalities that accompany lipodystrophy-related fat deficit. Accumulation of lipid droplets is detected in almost all neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hence, the regulation of lipid droplets can be used as an alternative approach to the treatment of several diseases. The current review summarizes the structure, composition, biogenesis, and turnover of lipid droplets, with an emphasis on the factors responsible for the accumulation and importance of lipid droplets in lipodystrophy and neurodegenerative disease.
脂滴是普遍存在但又独特的细胞内细胞器，正因其在能量储存之外的用途而受到关注。它们的形成、在生理功能中的作用以及病理过程的起始最近都备受关注。它们的结构、合成和周转在脂肪营养不良和神经退行性变中都发挥着动态作用。发育、衰老、炎症和细胞应激等因素调节脂滴的合成。脂滴的生物发生在减轻细胞应激方面起着关键作用。脂滴在应激时，会将有害脂质隔离到其中性脂质核心中，在防止脂毒性的同时维持能量和氧化还原平衡。因此，维持脂肪组织、中枢神经系统和其他身体组织中脂滴的稳态对于维持机体健康至关重要。胰岛素抵抗、高甘油三酯血症和脂滴积累是与脂肪营养不良相关的脂肪缺乏所伴随的严重代谢异常。在几乎所有神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病和遗传性痉挛性截瘫中都检测到脂滴的积累。因此，调节脂滴可作为治疗多种疾病的一种替代方法。本综述总结了脂滴的结构、组成、生物发生和周转，重点关注脂滴在脂肪营养不良和神经退行性疾病中积累的相关因素及其重要性。
