Pappas A M, Zawacki R M, Sullivan T J
Am J Sports Med. 1985 Jul-Aug;13(4):216-22. doi: 10.1177/036354658501300402.
Fifteen professional major league pitchers were filmed with high speed cinematography. One hundred forty-seven pitches were analyzed using an electromagnetic digitizer and a microcomputer. Three phases of throwing were studied: cocking, acceleration, and follow-through. The cocking phase is the period of time between the initiation of the windup and the moment at which the shoulder is in maximum external rotation. This phase occurs in approximately 1500 ms, and the shoulder is brought into an extreme position of external rotation. The acceleration phase and the initial stages of the follow-through phase produce extraordinary demands on the shoulder and elbow. The acceleration phase begins with the throwing shoulder in the position of maximum external rotation and terminates with ball release. This phase occurs in approximately 50 ms, and peak angular velocities averaging 6,180 deg/sec for shoulder internal rotation and 4,595 deg/sec for elbow extension were measured. The follow-through phase begins at ball release and continues until the motion of throwing has ceased. This phase occurs in approximately 350 ms.
对15名职业大联盟投手进行了高速摄影拍摄。使用电磁数字化仪和微型计算机对147次投球进行了分析。研究了投球的三个阶段：引臂、加速和随挥。引臂阶段是指从开始做准备动作到肩部处于最大外旋的时刻之间的时间段。这个阶段大约持续1500毫秒，肩部被带到一个极端的外旋位置。加速阶段和随挥阶段的初始阶段对肩部和肘部产生了极高的要求。加速阶段从投球肩部处于最大外旋位置开始，到球出手结束。这个阶段大约持续50毫秒，测得肩部内旋平均峰值角速度为6180度/秒，肘部伸展平均峰值角速度为4595度/秒。随挥阶段从球出手开始，一直持续到投球动作停止。这个阶段大约持续350毫秒。
