Lundberg B
Atherosclerosis. 1985 Jul;56(1):93-110. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(85)90087-5.
The composition, morphology, and physical properties of lipids in atherosclerotic lesions from human aortas were studied in order to elucidate the factors for the accumulation of cholesterol and its esters in the vessel wall. Lesions were classified histologically into 3 groups: fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and advanced plaque. The relative lipid composition of the lesions was plotted on the phase diagram of the 3 major lipids: cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and phospholipid. Early fatty streaks had compositions within the 2-phase zone with a cholesterol-phospholipid liquid crystalline phase and a cholesteryl ester oily phase. Advanced fatty streaks and fibro-fatty plaques fell within the 3-phase zone with excess free cholesterol. Advanced plaques also had an average lipid composition within the 3-phase zone, but with a larger excess of free cholesterol. From the lipid-chemical point of view there is a continuous progression from early fatty streaks through advanced fatty streaks and fibro-fatty plaques to advanced plaques. In fatty streaks the cholesteryl esters accumulate in the form of isotropic and anisotropic droplets. The latter are in the smectic liquid crystalline state with the molecules arranged in layers and have surfaces that are spherical and smooth. Fibrous and advanced plaques showed beside droplets also amorphous lipids and cholesterol monohydrate crystals. Some of the amorphous lipids were solid up to about 45 degrees C and exhibited a smectic phase at cooling, indicating cholesteryl esters as the major component. The transition temperatures of high-melting cholesteryl esters, e.g. palmitate, are depressed by low-melting ones. Most of the triglycerides are present in the cholesteryl ester droplets and abolish the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase.
为了阐明胆固醇及其酯类在血管壁中蓄积的因素，对取自人类主动脉的动脉粥样硬化病变中的脂质组成、形态和物理性质进行了研究。病变在组织学上分为3组：脂纹、纤维斑块和进展期斑块。将病变的相对脂质组成绘制在三种主要脂质（胆固醇、胆固醇酯和磷脂）的相图上。早期脂纹的组成处于二相区，具有胆固醇 - 磷脂液晶相和胆固醇酯油相。进展期脂纹和纤维 - 脂肪斑块处于三相区，有过量的游离胆固醇。进展期斑块的平均脂质组成也在三相区内，但游离胆固醇过量更多。从脂质化学角度来看，从早期脂纹到进展期脂纹、纤维 - 脂肪斑块再到进展期斑块存在连续进展。在脂纹中，胆固醇酯以各向同性和各向异性液滴的形式蓄积。后者处于近晶液晶态，分子排列成层，表面呈球形且光滑。纤维斑块和进展期斑块除液滴外还显示有无定形脂质和胆固醇一水合物晶体。一些无定形脂质在约45摄氏度以下呈固态，冷却时呈现近晶相，表明胆固醇酯是主要成分。高熔点胆固醇酯（如棕榈酸酯）的转变温度会被低熔点胆固醇酯降低。大多数甘油三酯存在于胆固醇酯液滴中，并消除胆甾型液晶相。
