Cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disorder characterized by mutations in the CFTR gene, has seen significant advances in treatment through cutting-edge approaches such as gene therapy and personalized medicine. This review examines the current and emerging strategies shaping CF care, focusing on novel therapies that target the root cause of CF and optimize patient outcomes. CFTR modulators have transformed cystic fibrosis management by enhancing protein function for specific mutations, leading to improved lung function and quality of life. Concurrently, gene therapy offers transformative potential by aiming to correct CFTR mutations using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing, though challenges remain in delivery and long-term efficacy. The integration of precision medicine, facilitated by genomic and computational technologies, allows for personalized treatment plans that account for genetic variability and disease severity. Complementing these approaches, holistic management emphasizes the importance of psychological support and nutritional optimization, acknowledging CF's multi-system impact. Future directions include exploring anti-inflammatory agents and microbiome modulation to further mitigate disease morbidity. However, global disparities in treatment access continue to challenge equitable healthcare delivery, underscoring the need for policy reform and international cooperation. By synthesizing these developments, this review highlights the transformative potential of modern CF treatments, advocating for continued innovation and global healthcare equity, with the ultimate goal of dramatically improving life expectancy and quality of life for individuals with CF.