Ackerman James D, Tremblay Raymond L, Arias Tatiana, Zotz Gerhard, Sharma Jyotsna, Salazar Gerardo A, Kaur Jaspreet
Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, 17 Avenida Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, PR 00925, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, 100 Carr. 908, Humacao, PR 00791, USA.
Plants (Basel). 2025 Apr 11;14(8):1193. doi: 10.3390/plants14081193.
Orchidaceae is one of the most species-rich families of flowering plants, with most current diversity having evolved within the last 5 My. Patterns associated with species richness and rapid diversification have been identified but have not often been associated with evolutionary processes. We review the most frequently identified correlates of diversity and suggest that the processes and rate by which they occur vary geographically and are largely dependent on persistent pulses of habitat instabilities, especially for epiphytes. Aggressive orogenesis creates fragmented habitats while global climatic cycles exacerbate the ecological instabilities. The need for repeated cycles of dispersal results in frequent founder events, which sets the stage for allopatric diversification via bouts of genetic drift and natural selection. The allopatry requirement can be bypassed by pollination systems involving flowers attracting pollinators through the production of sex signaling semiochemicals. The drift-selection model of diversification, coupled with persistent habitat instability throughout ecological and geological time scales, and sex signaling are the likely components of a multifactorial process leading to the rapid, recent diversification in this family.
兰科是开花植物中物种最为丰富的科之一，目前的大多数多样性是在过去500万年中演化而来的。与物种丰富度和快速多样化相关的模式已被识别，但这些模式并不常与进化过程相关联。我们回顾了最常被识别出的多样性相关因素，并指出这些因素发生的过程和速率在地理上存在差异，并且在很大程度上取决于栖息地不稳定的持续脉冲，尤其是对于附生植物而言。剧烈的造山运动形成了破碎的栖息地，而全球气候周期加剧了生态不稳定。反复进行扩散循环的需求导致频繁的奠基者事件，这为通过遗传漂变和自然选择实现异域物种形成多样化奠定了基础。涉及花朵通过产生性信号信息素吸引传粉者的授粉系统可以绕过异域分布的要求。多样化的漂变-选择模型，再加上在整个生态和地质时间尺度上持续存在的栖息地不稳定以及性信号，可能是导致该科近期快速多样化的多因素过程的组成部分。
