Pokharel Niteesh, Neupane Prajina, Karki Ayushma, Thapa Reshma, Pradhan Surendra K
Department of Microbiology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal.
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Environ Health Insights. 2025 Apr 14;19:11786302251327938. doi: 10.1177/11786302251327938. eCollection 2025.
Ponds in Kathmandu Valley reflect its rich history with water resources, but increasing pollution threatens public health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of pond water and further analyze the factors influencing contamination. In 2023, water samples from 27 out of a total of 35 ponds were examined for physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, TSS, turbidity, iron (Fe), nitrite (NO ), phosphate (PO ), ammonia (NH), DO, BOD, and COD) and microbial parameters (total coliforms and ). Results revealed that all ponds exceeded WHO limits for TSS and turbidity for drinking water. Furthermore 67% surpassed the iron limit, while 96% exceeded USEPA's BOD and COD levels for supporting aquatic life. Coliforms were present in all ponds, with detected in 67%, indicating the water was unfit for drinking under EU guidelines. Logistic regression revealed a significant association of COD and temperature (-values 0.001 and 0.023 respectively) with presence. A 3D visualization of the data further supports the association and illustrates these relationships, COD having a greater impact. These findings underscore public health risks and environmental concerns, urging sewage and runoff management and recommending expanded seasonal studies to establish comprehensive water quality guidelines.
加德满都谷地的池塘反映了其丰富的水资源历史，但日益严重的污染威胁着公众健康和环境。本研究旨在评估池塘水的理化和微生物质量，并进一步分析影响污染的因素。2023年，对总共35个池塘中的27个池塘的水样进行了理化参数（温度、pH值、总悬浮固体、浊度、铁（Fe）、亚硝酸盐（NO）、磷酸盐（PO）、氨（NH）、溶解氧、生化需氧量和化学需氧量）和微生物参数（总大肠菌群和）检测。结果显示，所有池塘的总悬浮固体和浊度均超过了世界卫生组织的饮用水限值。此外，67%的池塘超过了铁含量限值，而96%的池塘超过了美国环境保护局支持水生生物的生化需氧量和化学需氧量水平。所有池塘中都存在大肠菌群，67%的池塘检测到了，这表明根据欧盟指导方针，这些水不适合饮用。逻辑回归显示，化学需氧量和温度（-值分别为0.001和0.023）与的存在有显著关联。数据的三维可视化进一步支持了这种关联，并说明了这些关系，化学需氧量的影响更大。这些发现强调了公共卫生风险和环境问题，敦促进行污水和径流管理，并建议开展更多季节性研究以制定全面的水质指南。
