A review of the combined effects of environmental and operational factors on lithium-ion battery performance: temperature, vibration, and charging/discharging cycles.

The performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is influenced by the coupled effects of environmental conditions and operational scenarios, which can impact their electrochemical performance, reliability, and safety. This review examines the individual and combined effects of temperature, vibrations, and charging/discharging ratio on LIB performance. Temperature primarily affects the rate of chemical reactions and the stability of physical structures. High temperatures accelerate the aging process, while low temperatures reduce charging and discharging efficiency. Vibrations cause internal structural damage, increasing the internal resistance and capacity decay. Additionally, the charging/discharging cycle rate, especially high rates, significantly impacts cycle stability and thermal management design. The combined effects of these factors can lead to nonlinear changes in battery performance, exacerbating the aging process and potentially triggering safety issues. This review discusses the mechanisms of these combined effects and proposes corresponding mitigation strategies based on experimental data. It provides a theoretical foundation and experimental evidence for reliability research on LIBs, which has implications for battery design, usage, and maintenance. Furthermore, this work contributes to the advancement of battery technology towards higher efficiency, greater stability, and enhanced safety.