[Proximal humerus fracture: old and new, established and doubtful, conservative and operative aspects].

Proximal humeral fractures are not only frequent injuries but also serve as an important indicator for a possibly underlying osteoporosis. Therefore, in addition to fracture management, timely diagnostics and treatment of the osteoporosis should also be prioritized. The decision between a conservative and surgical treatment approach requires a differentiated consideration of the fracture morphology, individual patient characteristics and functional expectations. Conservative treatment can be an adequate alternative in specific cases, particularly in geriatric patients with low functional demands; however, the standardization of this treatment approach remains challenging. Surgical interventions have proven effective, especially for complex fractures, with reverse shoulder arthroplasty emerging as a reliable option. Various augmentation and fixation techniques, such as the combination of locking plates with fibular grafts or double plating osteosynthesis, demonstrate biomechanical advantages and can improve the primary stability. Innovative technologies, including 3D planning, intraoperative navigation and robotics, offer new possibilities for optimizing implant placement and can contribute to improvement of long-term clinical outcomes. Economic analyses suggest that reverse arthroplasty can provide not only clinical benefits in selected cases but can also be cost-effective; however, further evaluation of the long-term impact on the healthcare system is required.