Various Cellular Components and Its Signaling Cascades Through the Involvement of Signaling Messengers in Keratinocyte Differentiation.

Skin is a highly differentiated tissue, in which various signaling molecules play critical roles in the differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes. Among these, the second messenger calcium and its gradient across skin layers are pivotal in regulating keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, a diverse array of cellular signaling molecules has been identified as essential for promoting keratinocyte differentiation, thereby maintaining skin integrity and barrier function. The barrier function of the skin provides essential protection against exogenous stimuli and pathogens while maintaining structural stability. The homeostatic processes of skin differentiation are modulated by these second messengers and various signaling molecules. Thus, this review highlights the components associated with keratinocyte differentiation and their biological and pathophysiological roles, as well as redox-sensitive differentiation factors in the modulation of skin homeostasis. This review aims to enhance our understanding of skin physiology and provide insights that may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.