Application of complete N-of-1 trial design in bioequivalence-biosimilar drug development.

Biosimilars play a crucial role in increasing the accessibility and affordability of biological therapies; thus, precise and reliable assessment methods are essential for their regulatory approval and clinical adoption. Currently, the 2-sequence 2-period crossover design is recommended for two-treatment biosimilar studies. However, such designs may be inadequate for the practical assessment when multiple test or reference products are involved, particularly in scenarios such as: (1) bridging biosimilar results across regulatory regions (e.g. the European Union, Canada, and United States), or (2) evaluating biosimilarity across different dosage forms or routes of administration. To address these challenges, multi-treatment designs such as Latin-square design, Williams design, and balanced incomplete block design can be considered. More recently, the complete N-of-1 trial design, which contains all permutations of treatments with replacement, has gained attention in biosimilar drug development, especially with the presence of carryover effects. However, detailed statistical methodologies and comprehensive performance comparisons of these designs are lacking in the context of multi-formulation studies. This study employs a linear mixed-effects model to estimate the contrast of treatment effects across three drug products within the framework of the designs under investigation. Subsequently, the relationship between sample size and relative efficiency is explored under same significance level and statistical power. The findings indicate that, for a given sample size, the complete N-of-1 design consistently achieves the lowest estimation variance relative to the alternative designs, thereby representing a more efficient design for biosimilar assessment under the conditions examined.