Comparative Assessment of Schneiderian Membrane Thickness in Smokers and Non-smokers Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: An Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION

The Schneiderian membrane is crucial in sinus augmentation and implant placement in the posterior maxilla. Its thickness is a key factor in treatment success, as variations may influence surgical outcomes and risk of complications. Smoking has been implicated in mucosal alterations; however, its impact on Schneiderian membrane thickness remains underexplored. This study aimed to compare Schneiderian membrane thickness between smokers and non-smokers using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study analyzed CBCT scans of 60 individuals divided into two groups: smokers (n = 40) and non-smokers (n = 20). CBCT images were obtained using standardized scanning parameters, and the Schneiderian membrane thickness was measured at multiple sites within the maxillary sinus. Individuals with a history of sinus pathology, maxillary sinus surgery, or systemic diseases affecting mucosal integrity were excluded. Data were analyzed using statistical tests, including independent t-tests, to compare membrane thickness between the two groups.

RESULTS

The mean Schneiderian membrane thickness was significantly greater in smokers than in non-smokers (p < 0.05). Smokers exhibited increased mucosal thickening, particularly in the posterior region of the maxillary sinus. Analysis of the factors influencing sinus mucosal thickness showed no significant association with sex (p = 0.807) or missing teeth status (p = 0.714). However, individuals aged >35 years had significantly higher odds of increased mucosal thickness than those aged <35 years (p = 0.001). In addition, periapical reasons for tooth loss were significantly associated with increased mucosal thickness.

CONCLUSION

The study findings indicate that smoking is associated with increased Schneiderian membrane thickness, which may have clinical implications for sinus augmentation procedures and implant placement. The altered mucosal characteristics in smokers could contribute to a higher risk of complications such as sinus membrane perforation and sinusitis.