Beccherle Maddalena, Bertagnoli Sara, Moro Valentina
NPSY-Lab.VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy.
Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Brain Sci. 2025 Apr 17;15(4):404. doi: 10.3390/brainsci15040404.
Anosognosia for hemiplegia is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. Due to the various different forms in which it manifests and the few tools available to treat it, it can create difficulties for both clinicians and researchers. Since the first definition established by Babinski, a great deal of research has been performed and has shown that this deficit in motor awareness involves not only motor aspects but also other, non-motor dimensions. These dimensions all need to be taken into consideration during the process of diagnosis, in particular when planning a rehabilitation programme. This article reviews the main instruments currently available for the diagnosis of anosognosia for hemiplegia. After a description of the best tests to assess motor dimensions (such as explicit and implicit anosognosia, emergent awareness and awareness for daily life activities), non-motor dimensions are analysed. The literature on the subject provides ideas and tools for the evaluation of cognitive (i.e., motor imagery), emotional and social (i.e., theory of mind) aspects. Finally, the importance of differential diagnoses in relation to disorders often associated with anosognosia is discussed.
偏瘫失认症是一种复杂、多方面的现象。由于其表现形式多种多样，且治疗手段有限，这给临床医生和研究人员都带来了困难。自巴宾斯基给出首个定义以来，已经开展了大量研究，结果表明这种运动意识缺陷不仅涉及运动方面，还涉及其他非运动层面。在诊断过程中，尤其是在规划康复方案时，所有这些层面都需要考虑到。本文综述了目前可用于诊断偏瘫失认症的主要工具。在描述了评估运动层面的最佳测试（如显性和隐性失认症、突发意识和日常生活活动意识）之后，对非运动层面进行了分析。关于该主题的文献为评估认知（即运动想象）、情感和社会（即心理理论）方面提供了思路和工具。最后，讨论了与常与失认症相关的疾病进行鉴别诊断的重要性。
