Environmental and safety aspects of nanotechnology in genetically modified crops for sustainable agriculture.

The rising global demand for food poses a significant threat to environmental health through both biotic (e.g., pests, pathogens) and abiotic (e.g., drought, salinity) stresses. Therefore, the adoption of innovative strategies is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural practices and to enhance crop resilience against environmental challenges. This review investigates how the integration of nanotechnology with genetically modified (GM) crops can offer solutions to agricultural challenges by improving crop resilience and productivity. While genetic modification has faced limitations in achieving consistent results due to environmental variability and species-specific differences, nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool to enhance GM crop performance. In this study we critically explore the underlying mechanisms of combining nanotechnology with GM crops to enhance plant growth and development and their resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, nanotechnology also play a crucial role in targeted gene delivery, precise genome editing, and controlled regulation of gene expression in GM plant cells. Overall, the emerging role of nanotechnology in GM crops is paving the way for innovative solutions in agriculture. By leveraging nanotechnology, researchers are exploring novel approaches to enhance productivity, combat plant diseases, and improve plant resilience to environmental stress for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, in this review we also highlighted the environmental impacts and safety issues associated with using nanotechnology in crops in order to establish more resilient and sustainable farming practices.