Yi Jia, Ruan Jing, Yu Haiyang, Wu Baihui, Zhao Jing, Wang Hanbing, Chen Rongbing, Yang Qinsi, Chen Jiangfei, Sun Da
National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Jun 15;375:126352. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126352. Epub 2025 Apr 30.
N'-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used antioxidant in the rubber industry, has garnered global attention due to the high toxicity and ecological-health risks posed by its environmental oxidation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q). With the continuous release of tire wear particles (TWPs), 6PPD-Q is ubiquitously distributed in atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial environments, as well as within organisms, where it bioaccumulates through food chains. Notably, 6PPD-Q has been detected in human urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid, and its association with abnormal α-synuclein aggregation in the brains of Parkinson's patients further underscores its neurotoxic risks. This review systematically examines the environmental occurrence and migration patterns of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q, their multisystem toxicity, highly sensitive detection technologies, and pollution control strategies, while highlighting critical gaps in current research, such as chronic exposure mechanisms, combined pollution effects, and environmental safety thresholds. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this review provides a scientific foundation for elucidating the ecological and health risks of 6PPD-Q, offering critical insights to advance environmental regulatory policies, promote green transformation in the rubber industry, and safeguard global ecological security. Future research should prioritize long-term toxicity studies, refined detection techniques, and sustainable regulatory frameworks to mitigate the ecological and health risks posed by these emerging contaminants.
N'-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N'-苯基对苯二胺（6PPD）是橡胶工业中广泛使用的一种抗氧化剂，由于其环境氧化产物6PPD-醌（6PPD-Q）具有高毒性和生态健康风险，已引起全球关注。随着轮胎磨损颗粒（TWPs）的不断释放，6PPD-Q广泛分布于大气、水生和陆地环境以及生物体内，并通过食物链进行生物累积。值得注意的是，在人类尿液、血清和脑脊液中已检测到6PPD-Q，并且它与帕金森病患者大脑中异常的α-突触核蛋白聚集有关，这进一步凸显了其神经毒性毒性风险。本综述系统地研究了6PPD和6PPD-Q的环境存在和迁移模式、它们的多系统毒性、高灵敏度检测技术以及污染控制策略，同时强调了当前研究中的关键差距，如慢性暴露机制、复合污染效应和环境安全阈值。通过综合现有知识，本综述为阐明6PPD-Q的生态和健康风险提供了科学依据，为推进环境监管政策、促进橡胶工业绿色转型以及保障全球生态安全提供了关键见解。未来的研究应优先进行长期毒性研究、改进检测技术以及建立可持续的监管框架，以减轻这些新兴污染物带来的生态和健康风险。
