Ching Graces N Y, Yik Sin Kang, Heng Su Li, Ho Beatrice H, Crank Peter J, Mandelmilch Moshe, Ho Xiang Tian, Chow Winston T L
College of Integrative Studies, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore.
Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 2;15(1):15355. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00207-y.
Many cities experience urban overheating from climate change and the urban heat island phenomenon. Previous studies demonstrate that parks are a potential nature-based solution to mitigate urban overheating through the 'Park Cool Island' (PCI) effect. PCI intensity can be measured through field measurements (FM) or remote sensing. This FM study used a network of meteorological sensors within a park and in its surrounding urban area to ascertain its PCI intensity in Singapore from January to December 2022. Consistently cooler air temperatures were found throughout a 24-h period in the park area, with mean daytime (nighttime) PCI intensity measured ~ 2.21 °C (~ 1.69 °C). A modified version of PCI (PCI) was developed to highlight the radiative cooling differences between the urban and park areas. PCI leverages on the network of sensors to preserve the spatial granularity of data, allowing for the interpolation of point data across the study area. By employing Geographical Information Science concepts, the model visualises the diurnal changes in PCI intensities with respect to tree height, tree density, and building height; significant cooling is positively (negatively) correlated with tree height and density (building height). This study demonstrates a comprehensive analysis of PCI and cooling intensities of parks using FM in understudied tropical urban environments.
许多城市都面临着气候变化和城市热岛现象导致的城市过热问题。先前的研究表明，公园是一种潜在的基于自然的解决方案，可通过“公园凉岛”（PCI）效应缓解城市过热。PCI强度可以通过实地测量（FM）或遥感来测量。这项实地测量研究利用公园及其周边城市区域内的气象传感器网络，确定了2022年1月至12月新加坡公园的PCI强度。在公园区域24小时内始终发现气温较低，白天（夜间）平均PCI强度测量值约为2.21°C（约1.69°C）。开发了一种PCI的改进版本（PCI），以突出城市和公园区域之间的辐射冷却差异。PCI利用传感器网络来保留数据的空间粒度，从而允许在整个研究区域内对点位数据进行插值。通过运用地理信息科学概念，该模型可视化了PCI强度相对于树高、树木密度和建筑高度的昼夜变化；显著的降温与树高和密度（建筑高度）呈正（负）相关。本研究展示了在研究较少的热带城市环境中，利用实地测量对公园的PCI和冷却强度进行的综合分析。
