康复超过12个月的个体中SARS-CoV-2的体液免疫反应揭示了严重程度依赖性抗体动态变化。

SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses in convalescent individuals over 12 months reveal severity-dependent antibody dynamics.

作者信息

Siles Alvarado Nadia, Schuler Maisey, Maguire Cole, Amengor Dzifa A, Nguyen Annalee W, Wilen Rebecca E, Rogers Jacob, Bazzi Sam, Caslin Blaine, DiPasquale Christopher, Abigania Melissa, Olson Eric, Creaturo Janelle, Hurley Kerin, Triplett Todd A, Rousseau Justin F, Strakowski Stephen M, Wylie Dennis, Maynard Jennifer A, Ehrlich Lauren I R, Melamed Esther

机构信息

Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

出版信息

Commun Med (Lond). 2025 May 2;5(1):149. doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00828-4.

DOI:10.1038/s43856-025-00828-4

PMID:40316665

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12048490/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Defining the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses is critical for informing the management of reinfections, vaccinations, and therapeutics of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS

Using four antibody assays, we evaluated antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and receptor binding domain (RBD) in 98 convalescent participants with varying COVID-19 disease severities (asymptomatic, mild, moderate or severe) at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post-SARS-CoV-2-positive PCR and in 17 non-vaccinated, non-infected controls.

RESULTS

Increasing acute COVID-19 disease severity correlates with higher anti-N and anti-RBD titers throughout 12 months post-infection. Anti-N and anti-RBD titers decline over time in all participants, except for increased anti-RBD titers post-vaccination, with hospitalized participants exhibiting faster decay rates. Less than 50% of participants retain anti-N titers above controls at 12 months, with non-hospitalized participants falling below controls sooner. Nearly all participants maintain anti-RBD titers above controls for 12 months, suggesting long-term protection against severe reinfections. Nonetheless, by 6 months, few participants retain >50% of their initial 1-month anti-N or anti-RBD titers. Notably, vaccine-induced anti-RBD titers are higher in non-hospitalized participants. Lastly, early convalescent titers correlate with age but not with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) status or steroid use.

CONCLUSION

Hospitalized participants initially develop higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers that decline faster relative to non-hospitalized participants. While anti-N titers fall below control levels in some participants, anti-RBD titers remain above controls over 12 months, demonstrating long-lived antibody responses known to protect against severe disease. These findings advance our understanding of COVID-19 antibody dynamics.

摘要

背景

确定新型冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）抗体反应的动力学对于指导2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）再感染的管理、疫苗接种和治疗至关重要。

方法

我们使用四种抗体检测方法，评估了98名康复参与者在SARS-CoV-2核酸检测呈阳性后的1、3、6和12个月时，针对SARS-CoV-2核衣壳（N）、刺突（S）和受体结合域（RBD）的抗体滴度，这些参与者患有不同严重程度的COVID-19疾病（无症状、轻度、中度或重度），并与17名未接种疫苗、未感染的对照组进行了比较。

结果

急性COVID-19疾病严重程度增加与感染后12个月内较高的抗N和抗RBD滴度相关。除接种疫苗后抗RBD滴度增加外，所有参与者的抗N和抗RBD滴度均随时间下降，住院参与者的下降速度更快。不到50%的参与者在12个月时抗N滴度仍高于对照组，未住院参与者的抗N滴度更早降至对照组以下。几乎所有参与者在12个月内抗RBD滴度均维持在对照组以上，表明对严重再感染具有长期保护作用。尽管如此，到6个月时，很少有参与者保留其初始1个月抗N或抗RBD滴度的>50%。值得注意的是，未住院参与者中疫苗诱导的抗RBD滴度更高。最后，早期康复滴度与年龄相关，但与SARS-CoV-2感染的急性后遗症（PASC）状态或类固醇使用无关。