Soares Maria Raquel Sousa, Bermúdez Natalia Carolina, Lira Rogério, Torres Jorge Braz
Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
Ecotoxicology. 2025 Aug;34(6):1009-1019. doi: 10.1007/s10646-025-02896-7. Epub 2025 May 3.
Insecticide mixtures provide various modes of action in a ready-to-use formulation, broadening the range of managed pest species and delaying the development of insecticide resistance. Nonetheless, the insecticides used in the mixture may change the selectivity status for natural enemies obtained when using an individual formulation. Eriopis connexa (Germar), a lady beetle resistant to the broad-spectrum pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin (EcViR), was exposed to insecticides in both individual and mixture formulations. The insecticides λ-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, sulfoxaflor, λ-cyhalothrin+dinotefuran, λ-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam, and λ-chlorantraniliprole+thiamethoxam were tested. Survival of larvae and survival and reproduction of adults were assessed when enclosed with dry insecticide residues obtained at the maximum insecticide recommended rate. Furthermore, concentration-mortality curves were also established for larvae and adults exposed to insecticides with mortality rates exceeding 40%. For 30 days, the number of adults who survived exposure at the larval and adult stages and were still living and reproducing was recorded. The toxicity of the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and dinotefuran present in the mixture prevailed over the physiological selectivity obtained through the resistance to λ-cyhalothrin. The combination index revealed that adding neonicotinoids to λ-cyhalothrin or chlorantraniliprole was very harmful to the lady beetle. On the other hand, the combination of λ-cyhalothrin with chlorantraniliprole or sulfoxaflor allowed EcViR larvae and adults to survive more than 80%. Therefore, incorporating neonicotinoids into the insecticide formulation nullified the physiological selectivity achieved by E. connexa resistance to λ-cyhalothrin, reducing the potential effectiveness of E. connexa in pest management as an augmentative biological control agent.
杀虫剂混合物以即用型配方提供多种作用方式，拓宽了有害生物的防治范围，并延缓了抗药性的发展。尽管如此，混合物中使用的杀虫剂可能会改变使用单一配方时所获得的对天敌的选择性状况。将对广谱拟除虫菊酯高效氯氟氰菊酯具有抗性的瓢虫（Eriopis connexa (Germar)，EcViR）暴露于单一配方和混合配方的杀虫剂中。测试了杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯+噻虫嗪以及氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻虫嗪。当与以最大推荐杀虫剂用量获得的干燥杀虫剂残留一起封闭时，评估幼虫的存活率以及成虫的存活率和繁殖率。此外，还针对暴露于死亡率超过40%的杀虫剂中的幼虫和成虫建立了浓度-死亡率曲线。持续30天，记录在幼虫期和成虫期暴露后存活且仍能存活和繁殖的成虫数量。混合物中存在的新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和呋虫胺的毒性超过了通过对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性所获得的生理选择性。联合指数表明，向高效氯氟氰菊酯或氯虫苯甲酰胺中添加新烟碱类对瓢虫非常有害。另一方面，高效氯氟氰菊酯与氯虫苯甲酰胺或氟啶虫胺腈的组合使EcViR幼虫和成虫的存活率超过80%。因此，在杀虫剂配方中加入新烟碱类会抵消E. connexa对高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性所实现的生理选择性，降低E. connexa作为一种增殖性生物防治剂在害虫管理中的潜在有效性。
