Klukoska Malgorzata, Ramji Niranjan, Muñoz Bodnar Alejandra, Hu Ping, Ye Hao, Xie Sancai, Li Lijuan, Ashe Julie, Reichling Tim, Wang Jiazhen, Milleman Kimberly, Milleman Jeffery
Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA,
Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA.
Am J Dent. 2025 Apr;38(2):59-66.
This single-center, single-treatment, 4-week study evaluated the efficacy of a stannous fluoride (SnF₂) dentifrice in reducing peri-implant mucositis while assessing changes in biomarkers and the oral microbiome profile.
24 healthy participants 18 years of age or older with osseointegrated implants were included, with 19 participants having mucositis and five without mucositis. The non-mucositis participants served as a reference group for microbiome and biomarker assessments (baseline comparison). All participants used the same 0.454% SnF₂ dentifrice (Crest Pro-Health Sensitive and Enamel Shield) and a soft manual toothbrush twice daily throughout the study. Participants received Modified Gingival Index (MGI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) assessments at Baseline - Day 1 and at Week 4 - Day 1. Subgingival plaque and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were collected on Baseline - Day 2 and Week 4 - Day 2 for oxidative stress markers, bacterial endotoxins, proinflammatory cytokines and 16S analysis.
After 4 weeks, participants with mucositis experienced a significant reduction from baseline in MGI and GBI scores (63.4% and 79.3%, respectively) and in the number of bleeding sites (72.5% based on GBI analysis). Microbiome analysis of subgingival plaque showed that mucositis was associated with a higher relative abundance of disease-associated genera (Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Prevotella) and a lower relative abundance of commensal genera (Rothia and Actinomyces). Alpha diversity was higher in the mucositis group compared to the non-mucositis group at baseline. By Week 4, the profile of participants with mucositis had shifted to align more closely with that of non-mucositis participants. Participants with mucositis showed significant reduction in biomarkers related to bacterial insult, plaque virulence, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Simulated pathway and process analysis revealed that multiple categories of genes were associated with a state of mucositis, and 4 weeks of use of the experimental dentifrice downregulated several virulence-associated genes.
In participants with mucositis, use of a SnF₂ dentifrice for 4 weeks reduced clinical signs and key biomarkers of peri-implant inflammation and shifted the oral microbiome toward a healthier profile, highlighting the utility of SnF₂ dentifrice in the control of peri-implant mucositis.
这项单中心、单治疗、为期4周的研究评估了含氟亚锡（SnF₂）牙膏在减轻种植体周围黏膜炎方面的疗效，同时评估了生物标志物和口腔微生物群谱的变化。
纳入24名年龄在18岁及以上且种植体骨整合良好的健康参与者，其中19名患有黏膜炎，5名未患黏膜炎。未患黏膜炎的参与者作为微生物群和生物标志物评估的参照组（基线比较）。在整个研究过程中，所有参与者每天使用两次相同的0.454% SnF₂牙膏（佳洁士专业健康护龈防蛀牙膏）和软质手动牙刷。参与者在基线期第1天、第4周第1天接受改良牙龈指数（MGI）和牙龈出血指数（GBI）评估。在基线期第2天和第4周第2天收集龈下菌斑和种植体周围龈沟液（PICF），用于检测氧化应激标志物、细菌内毒素、促炎细胞因子和16S分析。
4周后，患有黏膜炎的参与者的MGI和GBI评分较基线期显著降低（分别降低63.4%和79.3%），出血部位数量也显著减少（基于GBI分析降低72.5%）。龈下菌斑的微生物群分析表明，黏膜炎与疾病相关菌属（梭杆菌属、卟啉单胞菌属、密螺旋体属和普雷沃菌属）的相对丰度较高以及共生菌属（罗氏菌属和放线菌属）的相对丰度较低有关。在基线期，黏膜炎组的α多样性高于未患黏膜炎组。到第4周时，患有黏膜炎的参与者的菌群谱已向更接近未患黏膜炎参与者的方向转变。患有黏膜炎的参与者在与细菌侵害、菌斑毒力、氧化应激和炎症相关的生物标志物方面显著降低。模拟通路和过程分析表明，多类基因与黏膜炎状态相关，使用实验性牙膏4周可下调多个与毒力相关的基因。
在患有黏膜炎的参与者中，使用SnF₂牙膏4周可降低种植体周围炎症的临床体征和关键生物标志物，并使口腔微生物群向更健康的谱型转变，突出了SnF₂牙膏在控制种植体周围黏膜炎方面的效用。
