Konjengbam Bidyarani Devi, Meitei Heikrujam Nilkanta, Pandey Anupama, Haobam Reena
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur 795003, India.
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur 795003, India.
Mol Immunol. 2025 Jul;183:56-71. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2025.04.016. Epub 2025 May 5.
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to be a major health problem globally. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB has become a severe threat to TB control programs. Currently, the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine protects a child from disease dissemination efficiently, but its efficiency wanes in adults. Despite all the limitations of BCG and accelerated TB vaccine research, BCG remains the only approved vaccine available for TB. Anti-TB drug treatment has been successful in combating the disease, but it has various side effects and requires an extended drug treatment period. So, vaccination is the finest outlook that can surpass the above-mentioned limitations. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline, and the hope for a potential candidate to either boost the BCG vaccine or replace BCG is underway. This review discusses different approaches to TB vaccine development. It summarizes all the challenges and limitations in vaccine development, and its preclinical and clinical trials. Additionally, DNA vaccines and their vaccination techniques are also discussed. Furthermore, the immunoinformatics approach and nanomaterial-based vaccine delivery with practical and productive endpoints are also discussed. Lastly, the potential prospects are also suggested for further studies, which would help bring positive outcomes.
由结核分枝杆菌（Mtb）引起的结核病（TB）仍是全球主要的健康问题。耐多药结核病和广泛耐药结核病的出现对结核病控制项目构成了严重威胁。目前，卡介苗（BCG）能有效保护儿童避免疾病传播，但其在成人中的效力会减弱。尽管卡介苗存在诸多局限性且结核病疫苗研究加速推进，但卡介苗仍是唯一获批用于结核病的疫苗。抗结核药物治疗在对抗该疾病方面取得了成功，但存在各种副作用且需要较长的药物治疗期。因此，接种疫苗是能够克服上述局限性的最佳前景。有几种候选疫苗正在研发中，寻找一种可能增强卡介苗效力或替代卡介苗的潜在候选疫苗的希望正在实现。本综述讨论了结核病疫苗研发的不同方法。总结了疫苗研发及其临床前和临床试验中的所有挑战和局限性。此外，还讨论了DNA疫苗及其接种技术。此外，还讨论了免疫信息学方法以及基于纳米材料的疫苗递送，并给出了切实可行的有效结果。最后，还提出了进一步研究的潜在前景，这将有助于带来积极成果。
