Elucidating the mechanistic relationships between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and hepatic fibrosis using the ROBOKOP knowledge graph.

We developed the Reasoning Over Biomedical Objects linked in Knowledge Oriented Pathways (ROBOKOP) application as an open-source knowledge graph system to support evidence-based biomedical discovery and hypothesis generation. This study aimed to apply ROBOKOP to suggest biological mechanisms that might explain the hypothesized relationship between exposure to the herbicide and lipid-lowering drug clofibrate, an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARA), and hepatic fibrosis. We queried ROBOKOP to first establish that it could demonstrate a relationship between clofibrate and PPARA as a validation test and second to identify intermediary genes and biological processes or activities that might relate the activation of PPARA by clofibrate to hepatic fibrosis. Queries of ROBOKOP returned several paths relating clofibrate, PPARA, and hepatic fibrosis. One path suggested the following: . This result established a relationship between clofibrate and PPARA and further suggested that PPARA is actively involved in the cellular response to lipids, which actively involves the chemokine ligand CCL2, a gene genetically associated with hepatic fibrosis; thus, we can infer that PPARA, upon activation by clofibrate, plays a role in hepatic fibrosis. We conclude that ROBOKOP can be used to derive insights into biological mechanisms that might explain relationships between environmental exposures and liver toxicity.